Duck Off, Autocorrect

By most accounts, I’m a reasonable, levelheaded individual. But some days, my phone makes me want to hurl it across the room. The problem is autocorrect, or rather autocorrect gone wrong—that habit to take what I am typing and mangle it into something I didn’t intend. I promise you, dear iPhone, I know the difference between its and it’s, and if you could stop changing well to we’ll, that’d be just super. And I can’t believe I have to say this, but I have no desire to call my fiancé a “baboon.”

It’s true, perhaps, that I am just clumsy, mistyping words so badly that my phone can’t properly decipher them. But autocorrect is a nuisance for so many of us. Do I even need to go through the litany of mistakes, involuntary corrections, and everyday frustrations that can make the feature so incredibly ducking annoying? “Autocorrect fails” are so common that they have sprung endless internet jokes. Dear husband getting autocorrected to dead husband is hilarious, at least until you’ve seen a million Facebook posts about it.

Even as virtually every aspect of smartphones has gotten at least incrementally better over the years, autocorrect seems stuck. An iPhone 6 released nearly a decade ago lacks features such as Face ID and Portrait Mode, but its basic virtual keyboard is not clearly different from the one you use today. This doesn’t seem to be an Apple-specific problem, either: Third-party keyboards can be installed on both iOS and Android that claim to be better at autocorrect. Disabling the function altogether is possible, though it rarely makes for a better experience. Autocorrect’s lingering woes are especially strange now that we have chatbots that are eerily good at predicting what we want or need. ChatGPT can spit out a passable high-school essay, whereas autocorrect still can’t seem to consistently figure out when it’s messing up my words. If everything in tech gets disrupted sooner or later, why not autocorrect?

At first, autocorrect as we now know it was a major disruptor itself. Although text correction existed on flip phones, the arrival of devices without a physical keyboard required a new approach. In 2007, when the first iPhone was released, people weren’t used to messaging on touchscreens, let alone on a 3.5-inch screen where your fingers covered the very letters you were trying to press. The engineer Ken Kocienda’s job was to make software to help iPhone owners deal with inevitable typing errors; in the quite literal sense, he is the inventor of Apple’s autocorrect. (He retired from the company in 2017, though, so if you’re still mad at autocorrect, you can only partly blame him.)

Kocienda created a system that would do its best to guess what you meant by thinking about words not as units of meaning but as patterns. Autocorrect essentially re-creates each word as both a shape and a sequence, so that the word hello is registered as five letters but also as the actual layout and flow of those letters when you type them one by one. “We took each word in the dictionary and gave it a little representative constellation,” he told me, “and autocorrect did this little geometry that said, ‘Here’s the pattern you created; what’s the closest-looking [word] to that?’”

That’s how it corrects: It guesses which word you meant by judging when you hit letters close to that physical pattern on the keyboard. This is why, at least ideally, a phone will correct teh or thr to the. It’s all about probabilities. When people brand ChatGPT as a “super-powerful autocorrect,” this is what they mean: so-called large language models work in a similar way, guessing what word or phrase comes after the one before.

When early Android smartphones from Samsung, Google, and other companies were released, they also included autocorrect features that work much like Apple’s system: using context and geometry to guess what you meant to type. And that does work. If you were to pick up your phone right now and type in any old nonsense, you would almost certainly end up with real words. When you think about it, that’s sort of incredible. Autocorrect is so eager to decipher letters that out of nonsense you still get something like meaning.

Apple’s technology has also changed quite a bit since 2007, even if it doesn’t always feel that way. As language processing has evolved and chips have become more powerful, tech has gotten better at not just correcting typing errors but doing so based on the sentence it thinks we’re trying to write. In an email, a spokesperson for Apple said the basic mix of syntax and geometry still factors into autocorrect, but the system now also takes into account context and user habit.

And yet for all the tweaking and evolution, autocorrect is still far, far from perfect. Peruse Reddit or Twitter and frustrations with the system abound. Maybe your keyboard now recognizes some of the quirks of your typing—thankfully, mine finally gets Navneet right—but the advances in autocorrect are also partly why the tech remains so annoying. The reliance on context and user habit is genuinely helpful most of the time, but it also is the reason our phones will sometimes do that maddening thing where they change not only the word you meant to type but the one you’d typed before it too.

In some cases, autocorrect struggles because it tries to match our uniqueness to dictionaries or patterns it has picked out in the past. In attempting to learn and remember patterns, it can also learn from our mistakes. If you accidentally type thr a few too many times, the system might just leave it as is, precisely because it’s trying to learn. But what also seems to rile people up is that autocorrect still trips over the basics: It can be helpful when Id changes to I’d or Its to It’s at the beginning of a sentence, but infuriating when autocorrect does that when you neither want nor need it to.

That’s the thing with autocorrect: anticipating what you meant to say is tricky, because the way we use language is unpredictable and idiosyncratic. The quirks of idiom, the slang, the deliberate misspellings—all of the massive diversity of language is tough for these systems to understand. How we text our families or partners can be different from how we write notes or type things into Google. In a serious work email, autocorrect may be doing us a favor by changing np to no, but it’s just a pain when we meant “no problem” in a group chat with friends.

Autocorrect is limited by the reality that human language sits in this strange place where it is both universal and incredibly specific, says Allison Parrish, an expert on language and computation at NYU. Even as autocorrect learns a bit about the words we use, it must, out of necessity, default to what is most common and popular: The dictionaries and geometric patterns accumulated by Apple and Google over years reflect a mean, an aggregate norm. “In the case of autocorrect, it does have a normative force,” Parrish told me, “because it’s built as a system for telling you what language should be.”

She pointed me to the example of twerk. The word used to get autocorrected because it wasn’t a recognized term. My iPhone now doesn’t mess with I love to twerk, but it doesn’t recognize many other examples of common Black slang, such as simp or finna. Keyboards are trying their best to adhere to how “most people” speak, but that concept is something of a fiction, an abstract idea rather than an actual thing. It makes for a fiendishly difficult technical problem. I’ve had to turn off autocorrect on my parents’ phones because their very ordinary habit of switching between English, Punjabi, and Hindi on the fly is something autocorrect simply cannot handle.

That doesn’t mean that autocorrect is doomed to be like this forever. Right now, you can ask ChatGPT to write a poem about cars in the style of Shakespeare and get something that is precisely that: “Oh, fair machines that speed upon the road, / With wheels that spin and engines that doth explode.” Other tools have used the text messages of a deceased loved one to create a chatbot that can feel unnervingly real. Yes, we are unique and irreducible, but there are patterns to how we text, and learning patterns is precisely what machines are good at. In a sense, the sudden chatbot explosion means that autocorrect has won: It is moving from our phones to all the text and ideas of the internet.