Economic Indicators Jobs and unemployment
Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics releases a report on the employment situation for the previous month. Their release includes data on job growth, unemployment, and wage growth, which gives us a snapshot of the health of the economy and whether it’s working for ordinary Americans.
Key numbers • March
March
Jobs report: March jobs report shows a resilient labor market, but trouble is looming
Below, EPI senior economist Elise Gould offers her insights on the jobs report released this morning, which showed 228,000 jobs added in March. Read the full thread here.
Charting jobs and unemployment
Current Employment Statistics Charts
The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, also known as the establishment survey, is a monthly survey administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) which provides estimates of employment, hours, and earnings based on payroll records of approximately 131,000 businesses and government agencies.
Monthly change in payroll employment, January 2023–March 2025
Date | Change in Employment |
---|---|
Jan-2023 | 444 |
Feb-2023 | 306 |
Mar-2023 | 85 |
Apr-2023 | 216 |
May-2023 | 227 |
Jun-2023 | 257 |
Jul-2023 | 148 |
Aug-2023 | 157 |
Sep-2023 | 158 |
Oct-2023 | 186 |
Nov-2023 | 141 |
Dec-2023 | 269 |
Jan-2024 | 119 |
Feb-2024 | 222 |
Mar-2024 | 246 |
Apr-2024 | 118 |
May-2024 | 193 |
Jun-2024 | 87 |
Jul-2024 | 88 |
Aug-2024 | 71 |
Sep-2024 | 240 |
Oct-2024 | 44 |
Nov-2024 | 261 |
Dec-2024 | 323 |
Jan-2025 | 111 |
Feb-2025 | 117 |
Mar-2025 | 228 |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Month-over-month change in federal worker employment, 2019–2025
Date | Change in employment |
---|---|
Jan-2019 | 0 |
Feb-2019 | 2 |
Mar-2019 | 1 |
Apr-2019 | 16 |
May-2019 | 2 |
Jun-2019 | 4 |
Jul-2019 | -4 |
Aug-2019 | 25 |
Sep-2019 | -2 |
Oct-2019 | -15 |
Nov-2019 | 5 |
Dec-2019 | -5 |
Jan-2020 | 18 |
Feb-2020 | 2 |
Mar-2020 | 19 |
Apr-2020 | -1 |
May-2020 | 1 |
Jun-2020 | 7 |
Jul-2020 | 25 |
Aug-2020 | 248 |
Sep-2020 | -33 |
Oct-2020 | -142 |
Nov-2020 | -89 |
Dec-2020 | 5 |
Jan-2021 | -11 |
Feb-2021 | -4 |
Mar-2021 | 3 |
Apr-2021 | 10 |
May-2021 | -8 |
Jun-2021 | 1 |
Jul-2021 | 0 |
Aug-2021 | -1 |
Sep-2021 | -1 |
Oct-2021 | -10 |
Nov-2021 | 12 |
Dec-2021 | -7 |
Jan-2022 | -3 |
Feb-2022 | -4 |
Mar-2022 | -5 |
Apr-2022 | -2 |
May-2022 | -4 |
Jun-2022 | -11 |
Jul-2022 | 10 |
Aug-2022 | -3 |
Sep-2022 | 4 |
Oct-2022 | 6 |
Nov-2022 | 6 |
Dec-2022 | -2 |
Jan-2023 | 9 |
Feb-2023 | 8 |
Mar-2023 | 7 |
Apr-2023 | 8 |
May-2023 | 9 |
Jun-2023 | 9 |
Jul-2023 | 5 |
Aug-2023 | 14 |
Sep-2023 | 6 |
Oct-2023 | 7 |
Nov-2023 | 2 |
Dec-2023 | 9 |
Jan-2024 | 11 |
Feb-2024 | 8 |
Mar-2024 | 12 |
Apr-2024 | -2 |
May-2024 | 3 |
Jun-2024 | 2 |
Jul-2024 | 2 |
Aug-2024 | 2 |
Sep-2024 | 4 |
Oct-2024 | 3 |
Nov-2024 | -2 |
Dec-2024 | 3 |
Jan-2025 | 5 |
Feb 2025 | -10 |
Mar-2025 | -4 |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Employment change by industry (thousands) between February 2025 and March 2025
Industry | Employment change by industry (thousands) between February 2025 and March 2025 |
---|---|
Health care | 54 |
Leisure and hospitality | 43 |
Social assistance | 24 |
Retail services | 24 |
Transportation and warehousing | 23 |
State/Local government | 23 |
Other services | 19 |
Construction | 13 |
Financial activities | 9 |
Professional and business services | 3 |
Utilities | 3 |
Manufacturing | 1 |
Educational services | -1 |
Wholesale trade | -2 |
Information | -2 |
Mining and logging | -2 |
Federal Government | -4 |

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.
Nominal wage growth in average hourly earnings for all workers, year over year change, three-month change annualized, and one-month change annualized
date | Year-over-year change | Three-month change, annualized | One-month change, annualized |
---|---|---|---|
Jan-2019 | 3.2% | 3.3% | 1.8% |
Feb-2019 | 3.6% | 4.0% | 5.3% |
Mar-2019 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 4.0% |
Apr-2019 | 3.2% | 2.8% | -0.9% |
May-2019 | 3.3% | 2.2% | 3.5% |
Jun-2019 | 3.4% | 2.2% | 3.9% |
Jul-2019 | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.0% |
Aug-2019 | 3.4% | 3.9% | 4.8% |
Sep-2019 | 3.1% | 3.2% | 1.7% |
Oct-2019 | 3.1% | 3.0% | 2.6% |
Nov-2019 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 5.2% |
Dec-2019 | 3.0% | 2.9% | 0.8% |
Jan-2020 | 3.1% | 3.0% | 3.0% |
Feb-2020 | 3.0% | 2.9% | 4.7% |
Mar-2020 | 3.5% | 5.8% | 9.6% |
Apr-2020 | 8.0% | 24.0% | 65.9% |
May-2020 | 6.7% | 17.4% | -11.0% |
Jun-2020 | 5.1% | 8.8% | -12.9% |
Jul-2020 | 4.9% | -8.1% | 0.0% |
Aug-2020 | 4.8% | -3.2% | 4.2% |
Sep-2020 | 4.8% | 1.8% | 1.2% |
Oct-2020 | 4.6% | 2.2% | 1.2% |
Nov-2020 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 3.7% |
Dec-2020 | 5.4% | 5.4% | 11.5% |
Jan-2021 | 5.2% | 5.4% | 1.2% |
Feb-2021 | 5.3% | 5.9% | 5.3% |
Mar-2021 | 4.5% | 2.2% | 0.0% |
Apr-2021 | 0.7% | 3.8% | 6.2% |
May-2021 | 2.3% | 4.5% | 7.4% |
Jun-2021 | 3.9% | 6.5% | 6.1% |
Jul-2021 | 4.3% | 6.0% | 4.4% |
Aug-2021 | 4.4% | 5.1% | 4.8% |
Sep-2021 | 4.9% | 5.5% | 7.3% |
Oct-2021 | 5.5% | 6.7% | 8.0% |
Nov-2021 | 5.4% | 6.3% | 3.5% |
Dec-2021 | 5.0% | 5.9% | 6.3% |
Jan-2022 | 5.7% | 6.3% | 9.2% |
Feb-2022 | 5.3% | 5.4% | 0.8% |
Mar-2022 | 5.9% | 5.7% | 7.4% |
Apr-2022 | 5.8% | 4.1% | 4.2% |
May-2022 | 5.6% | 5.5% | 5.0% |
Jun-2022 | 5.4% | 4.6% | 4.6% |
Jul-2022 | 5.5% | 4.8% | 5.0% |
Aug-2022 | 5.4% | 4.6% | 4.2% |
Sep-2022 | 5.1% | 4.3% | 3.8% |
Oct-2022 | 5.0% | 4.7% | 6.1% |
Nov-2022 | 5.1% | 4.9% | 4.9% |
Dec-2022 | 4.9% | 5.0% | 4.1% |
Jan-2023 | 4.6% | 4.6% | 4.8% |
Feb-2023 | 4.7% | 4.0% | 2.9% |
Mar-2023 | 4.6% | 4.6% | 5.9% |
Apr-2023 | 4.7% | 4.6% | 4.8% |
May-2023 | 4.6% | 4.8% | 3.6% |
Jun-2023 | 4.7% | 4.8% | 5.9% |
Jul-2023 | 4.7% | 4.9% | 5.1% |
Aug-2023 | 4.5% | 4.5% | 2.5% |
Sep-2023 | 4.5% | 3.7% | 3.6% |
Oct-2023 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 3.2% |
Nov-2023 | 4.3% | 3.8% | 4.7% |
Dec-2023 | 4.3% | 3.9% | 3.9% |
Jan-2024 | 4.4% | 4.9% | 6.1% |
Feb-2024 | 4.3% | 3.9% | 1.8% |
Mar-2024 | 4.1% | 4.1% | 4.6% |
Apr-2024 | 3.9% | 2.8% | 2.1% |
May-2024 | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.6% |
Jun-2024 | 3.8% | 3.5% | 3.9% |
Jul-2024 | 3.6% | 3.7% | 2.8% |
Aug-2024 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 5.3% |
Sep-2024 | 3.9% | 3.9% | 3.8% |
Oct-2024 | 4.1% | 4.8% | 5.2% |
Nov-2024 | 4.2% | 4.4% | 4.5% |
Dec-2024 | 4.0% | 4.0% | 2.4% |
Jan-2025 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 5.2% |
Feb-2025 | 4.0% | 3.4% | 2.7% |
Mar-2025 | 3.8% | 3.6% | 3.0% |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics public data series
Real wages rise as prices decelerate faster than nominal wage growth: Year-over-year changes in nominal wages, inflation, and real (inflation-adjusted) wages, 2019 to 2025
date | Nominal wage growth | Real wage growth | Inflation |
---|---|---|---|
2019-01-01 | 3.3% | 1.7% | 1.6% |
2019-02-01 | 3.6% | 2.0% | 1.5% |
2019-03-01 | 3.4% | 1.5% | 1.9% |
2019-04-01 | 3.3% | 1.2% | 2.0% |
2019-05-01 | 3.3% | 1.5% | 1.8% |
2019-06-01 | 3.4% | 1.8% | 1.6% |
2019-07-01 | 3.4% | 1.6% | 1.8% |
2019-08-01 | 3.4% | 1.6% | 1.7% |
2019-09-01 | 3.1% | 1.3% | 1.7% |
2019-10-01 | 3.1% | 1.4% | 1.8% |
2019-11-01 | 3.3% | 1.2% | 2.1% |
2019-12-01 | 3.0% | 0.7% | 2.3% |
2020-01-01 | 3.0% | 0.5% | 2.5% |
2020-02-01 | 3.1% | 0.7% | 2.3% |
2020-03-01 | 3.5% | 1.9% | 1.5% |
2020-04-01 | 8.1% | 7.7% | 0.3% |
2020-05-01 | 6.6% | 6.5% | 0.1% |
2020-06-01 | 5.1% | 4.4% | 0.6% |
2020-07-01 | 4.9% | 3.8% | 1.0% |
2020-08-01 | 4.8% | 3.5% | 1.3% |
2020-09-01 | 4.8% | 3.4% | 1.4% |
2020-10-01 | 4.7% | 3.5% | 1.2% |
2020-11-01 | 4.6% | 3.4% | 1.2% |
2020-12-01 | 5.4% | 4.0% | 1.4% |
2021-01-01 | 5.2% | 3.8% | 1.4% |
2021-02-01 | 5.4% | 3.6% | 1.7% |
2021-03-01 | 4.5% | 1.9% | 2.6% |
2021-04-01 | 0.6% | -3.4% | 4.2% |
2021-05-01 | 2.3% | -2.5% | 5.0% |
2021-06-01 | 4.0% | -1.3% | 5.4% |
2021-07-01 | 4.3% | -1.0% | 5.4% |
2021-08-01 | 4.4% | -0.8% | 5.3% |
2021-09-01 | 4.9% | -0.5% | 5.4% |
2021-10-01 | 5.4% | -0.8% | 6.2% |
2021-11-01 | 5.4% | -1.3% | 6.8% |
2021-12-01 | 5.0% | -1.9% | 7.0% |
2022-01-01 | 5.7% | -1.7% | 7.5% |
2022-02-01 | 5.3% | -2.4% | 7.9% |
2022-03-01 | 5.9% | -2.4% | 8.5% |
2022-04-01 | 5.7% | -2.3% | 8.3% |
2022-05-01 | 5.6% | -2.8% | 8.6% |
2022-06-01 | 5.4% | -3.4% | 9.1% |
2022-07-01 | 5.5% | -2.8% | 8.5% |
2022-08-01 | 5.4% | -2.7% | 8.3% |
2022-09-01 | 5.1% | -2.8% | 8.2% |
2022-10-01 | 5.0% | -2.6% | 7.7% |
2022-11-01 | 5.1% | -1.9% | 7.1% |
2022-12-01 | 4.9% | -1.4% | 6.5% |
2023-01-01 | 4.5% | -1.8% | 6.4% |
2023-02-01 | 4.7% | -1.2% | 6.0% |
2023-03-01 | 4.6% | -0.4% | 5.0% |
2023-04-01 | 4.6% | -0.3% | 4.9% |
2023-05-01 | 4.4% | 0.4% | 4.0% |
2023-06-01 | 4.6% | 1.6% | 3.0% |
2023-07-01 | 4.6% | 1.4% | 3.2% |
2023-08-01 | 4.5% | 0.8% | 3.7% |
2023-09-01 | 4.4% | 0.7% | 3.7% |
2023-10-01 | 4.2% | 0.9% | 3.2% |
2023-11-01 | 4.1% | 0.9% | 3.1% |
2023-12-01 | 4.1% | 0.7% | 3.4% |
2024-01-01 | 4.3% | 1.2% | 3.1% |
2024-02-01 | 4.2% | 1.0% | 3.2% |
2024-03-01 | 4.2% | 0.7% | 3.5% |
2024-04-01 | 4.0% | 0.6% | 3.4% |
2024-05-01 | 4.1% | 0.8% | 3.3% |
2024-06-01 | 3.9% | 0.9% | 3.0% |
2024-07-01 | 3.6% | 0.7% | 2.9% |
2024-08-01 | 4.0% | 1.4% | 2.5% |
2024-09-01 | 3.9% | 1.5% | 2.4% |
2024-10-01 | 4.1% | 1.5% | 2.6% |
2024-11-01 | 4.2% | 1.4% | 2.7% |
2024-12-01 | 4.0% | 1.1% | 2.9% |
2025-01-01 | 3.9% | 1.0% | 3.0% |
2025-02-01 | 4.0% | 1.1% | 2.8% |
2025-03-01 | 3.8% | 1.4% | 2.4% |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics and Consumer Price Index public data series.
Current Population Survey Charts
The Current Population Survey (CPS), also known as the household survey, is sponsored jointly by the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Each month, it provides data on the labor force, employment, unemployment, persons not in the labor force, hours of work, earnings, and other demographic and labor force characteristics.
Employment-to-population ratio of workers ages 25–54, 1989–2025
date | Employment to population ratio |
---|---|
Jan-1989 | 80.0% |
Feb-1989 | 79.9% |
Mar-1989 | 79.9% |
Apr-1989 | 79.8% |
May-1989 | 79.8% |
Jun-1989 | 79.8% |
Jul-1989 | 79.8% |
Aug-1989 | 79.9% |
Sep-1989 | 80.0% |
Oct-1989 | 79.9% |
Nov-1989 | 80.2% |
Dec-1989 | 80.1% |
Jan-1990 | 80.2% |
Feb-1990 | 80.2% |
Mar-1990 | 80.1% |
Apr-1990 | 79.9% |
May-1990 | 79.9% |
Jun-1990 | 79.8% |
Jul-1990 | 79.6% |
Aug-1990 | 79.5% |
Sep-1990 | 79.4% |
Oct-1990 | 79.4% |
Nov-1990 | 79.2% |
Dec-1990 | 79.0% |
Jan-1991 | 78.9% |
Feb-1991 | 78.9% |
Mar-1991 | 78.7% |
Apr-1991 | 79.0% |
May-1991 | 78.6% |
Jun-1991 | 78.7% |
Jul-1991 | 78.6% |
Aug-1991 | 78.5% |
Sep-1991 | 78.6% |
Oct-1991 | 78.5% |
Nov-1991 | 78.4% |
Dec-1991 | 78.3% |
Jan-1992 | 78.4% |
Feb-1992 | 78.2% |
Mar-1992 | 78.2% |
Apr-1992 | 78.4% |
May-1992 | 78.4% |
Jun-1992 | 78.5% |
Jul-1992 | 78.4% |
Aug-1992 | 78.4% |
Sep-1992 | 78.3% |
Oct-1992 | 78.2% |
Nov-1992 | 78.2% |
Dec-1992 | 78.2% |
Jan-1993 | 78.2% |
Feb-1993 | 78.1% |
Mar-1993 | 78.2% |
Apr-1993 | 78.2% |
May-1993 | 78.5% |
Jun-1993 | 78.6% |
Jul-1993 | 78.6% |
Aug-1993 | 78.8% |
Sep-1993 | 78.6% |
Oct-1993 | 78.7% |
Nov-1993 | 79.0% |
Dec-1993 | 79.0% |
Jan-1994 | 78.9% |
Feb-1994 | 78.9% |
Mar-1994 | 78.9% |
Apr-1994 | 79.0% |
May-1994 | 79.2% |
Jun-1994 | 78.8% |
Jul-1994 | 79.1% |
Aug-1994 | 79.2% |
Sep-1994 | 79.6% |
Oct-1994 | 79.6% |
Nov-1994 | 79.8% |
Dec-1994 | 79.8% |
Jan-1995 | 79.7% |
Feb-1995 | 80.0% |
Mar-1995 | 79.9% |
Apr-1995 | 79.8% |
May-1995 | 79.7% |
Jun-1995 | 79.5% |
Jul-1995 | 79.7% |
Aug-1995 | 79.6% |
Sep-1995 | 79.8% |
Oct-1995 | 79.8% |
Nov-1995 | 79.7% |
Dec-1995 | 79.7% |
Jan-1996 | 79.8% |
Feb-1996 | 79.9% |
Mar-1996 | 79.9% |
Apr-1996 | 79.9% |
May-1996 | 80.0% |
Jun-1996 | 80.1% |
Jul-1996 | 80.4% |
Aug-1996 | 80.5% |
Sep-1996 | 80.4% |
Oct-1996 | 80.6% |
Nov-1996 | 80.5% |
Dec-1996 | 80.5% |
Jan-1997 | 80.5% |
Feb-1997 | 80.4% |
Mar-1997 | 80.6% |
Apr-1997 | 80.7% |
May-1997 | 80.6% |
Jun-1997 | 80.9% |
Jul-1997 | 81.1% |
Aug-1997 | 81.3% |
Sep-1997 | 81.1% |
Oct-1997 | 81.1% |
Nov-1997 | 81.0% |
Dec-1997 | 81.0% |
Jan-1998 | 81.0% |
Feb-1998 | 81.0% |
Mar-1998 | 81.0% |
Apr-1998 | 81.1% |
May-1998 | 81.0% |
Jun-1998 | 81.0% |
Jul-1998 | 81.1% |
Aug-1998 | 81.2% |
Sep-1998 | 81.3% |
Oct-1998 | 81.1% |
Nov-1998 | 81.2% |
Dec-1998 | 81.3% |
Jan-1999 | 81.8% |
Feb-1999 | 81.5% |
Mar-1999 | 81.3% |
Apr-1999 | 81.3% |
May-1999 | 81.4% |
Jun-1999 | 81.4% |
Jul-1999 | 81.2% |
Aug-1999 | 81.3% |
Sep-1999 | 81.3% |
Oct-1999 | 81.5% |
Nov-1999 | 81.6% |
Dec-1999 | 81.5% |
Jan-2000 | 81.8% |
Feb-2000 | 81.8% |
Mar-2000 | 81.7% |
Apr-2000 | 81.9% |
May-2000 | 81.5% |
Jun-2000 | 81.5% |
Jul-2000 | 81.3% |
Aug-2000 | 81.1% |
Sep-2000 | 81.1% |
Oct-2000 | 81.1% |
Nov-2000 | 81.3% |
Dec-2000 | 81.4% |
Jan-2001 | 81.4% |
Feb-2001 | 81.3% |
Mar-2001 | 81.3% |
Apr-2001 | 80.9% |
May-2001 | 80.8% |
Jun-2001 | 80.6% |
Jul-2001 | 80.5% |
Aug-2001 | 80.2% |
Sep-2001 | 80.2% |
Oct-2001 | 79.9% |
Nov-2001 | 79.7% |
Dec-2001 | 79.8% |
Jan-2002 | 79.6% |
Feb-2002 | 79.8% |
Mar-2002 | 79.6% |
Apr-2002 | 79.5% |
May-2002 | 79.4% |
Jun-2002 | 79.2% |
Jul-2002 | 79.1% |
Aug-2002 | 79.3% |
Sep-2002 | 79.4% |
Oct-2002 | 79.2% |
Nov-2002 | 78.8% |
Dec-2002 | 79.0% |
Jan-2003 | 78.9% |
Feb-2003 | 78.9% |
Mar-2003 | 79.0% |
Apr-2003 | 79.1% |
May-2003 | 78.9% |
Jun-2003 | 78.9% |
Jul-2003 | 78.8% |
Aug-2003 | 78.7% |
Sep-2003 | 78.6% |
Oct-2003 | 78.6% |
Nov-2003 | 78.7% |
Dec-2003 | 78.8% |
Jan-2004 | 78.9% |
Feb-2004 | 78.8% |
Mar-2004 | 78.7% |
Apr-2004 | 78.9% |
May-2004 | 79.0% |
Jun-2004 | 79.1% |
Jul-2004 | 79.2% |
Aug-2004 | 79.0% |
Sep-2004 | 79.0% |
Oct-2004 | 79.0% |
Nov-2004 | 79.1% |
Dec-2004 | 78.9% |
Jan-2005 | 79.2% |
Feb-2005 | 79.2% |
Mar-2005 | 79.2% |
Apr-2005 | 79.4% |
May-2005 | 79.5% |
Jun-2005 | 79.2% |
Jul-2005 | 79.4% |
Aug-2005 | 79.6% |
Sep-2005 | 79.4% |
Oct-2005 | 79.3% |
Nov-2005 | 79.2% |
Dec-2005 | 79.3% |
Jan-2006 | 79.6% |
Feb-2006 | 79.7% |
Mar-2006 | 79.8% |
Apr-2006 | 79.6% |
May-2006 | 79.7% |
Jun-2006 | 79.8% |
Jul-2006 | 79.8% |
Aug-2006 | 79.8% |
Sep-2006 | 79.9% |
Oct-2006 | 80.1% |
Nov-2006 | 80.0% |
Dec-2006 | 80.1% |
Jan-2007 | 80.3% |
Feb-2007 | 80.1% |
Mar-2007 | 80.2% |
Apr-2007 | 80.0% |
May-2007 | 80.0% |
Jun-2007 | 79.9% |
Jul-2007 | 79.8% |
Aug-2007 | 79.8% |
Sep-2007 | 79.7% |
Oct-2007 | 79.6% |
Nov-2007 | 79.7% |
Dec-2007 | 79.7% |
Jan-2008 | 80.0% |
Feb-2008 | 79.9% |
Mar-2008 | 79.8% |
Apr-2008 | 79.6% |
May-2008 | 79.5% |
Jun-2008 | 79.4% |
Jul-2008 | 79.2% |
Aug-2008 | 78.8% |
Sep-2008 | 78.8% |
Oct-2008 | 78.4% |
Nov-2008 | 78.1% |
Dec-2008 | 77.6% |
Jan-2009 | 77.0% |
Feb-2009 | 76.7% |
Mar-2009 | 76.2% |
Apr-2009 | 76.2% |
May-2009 | 75.9% |
Jun-2009 | 75.9% |
Jul-2009 | 75.8% |
Aug-2009 | 75.6% |
Sep-2009 | 75.1% |
Oct-2009 | 75.0% |
Nov-2009 | 75.2% |
Dec-2009 | 74.8% |
Jan-2010 | 75.1% |
Feb-2010 | 75.1% |
Mar-2010 | 75.1% |
Apr-2010 | 75.4% |
May-2010 | 75.1% |
Jun-2010 | 75.2% |
Jul-2010 | 75.1% |
Aug-2010 | 75.0% |
Sep-2010 | 75.1% |
Oct-2010 | 75.0% |
Nov-2010 | 74.8% |
Dec-2010 | 75.0% |
Jan-2011 | 75.2% |
Feb-2011 | 75.1% |
Mar-2011 | 75.3% |
Apr-2011 | 75.1% |
May-2011 | 75.2% |
Jun-2011 | 75.0% |
Jul-2011 | 75.0% |
Aug-2011 | 75.1% |
Sep-2011 | 74.9% |
Oct-2011 | 74.9% |
Nov-2011 | 75.3% |
Dec-2011 | 75.4% |
Jan-2012 | 75.5% |
Feb-2012 | 75.5% |
Mar-2012 | 75.7% |
Apr-2012 | 75.7% |
May-2012 | 75.7% |
Jun-2012 | 75.6% |
Jul-2012 | 75.6% |
Aug-2012 | 75.7% |
Sep-2012 | 76.0% |
Oct-2012 | 76.1% |
Nov-2012 | 75.8% |
Dec-2012 | 76.0% |
Jan-2013 | 75.6% |
Feb-2013 | 75.8% |
Mar-2013 | 75.8% |
Apr-2013 | 75.8% |
May-2013 | 76.0% |
Jun-2013 | 75.9% |
Jul-2013 | 76.0% |
Aug-2013 | 76.0% |
Sep-2013 | 76.0% |
Oct-2013 | 75.6% |
Nov-2013 | 76.1% |
Dec-2013 | 76.1% |
Jan-2014 | 76.4% |
Feb-2014 | 76.4% |
Mar-2014 | 76.5% |
Apr-2014 | 76.5% |
May-2014 | 76.4% |
Jun-2014 | 76.9% |
Jul-2014 | 76.7% |
Aug-2014 | 76.9% |
Sep-2014 | 76.8% |
Oct-2014 | 76.9% |
Nov-2014 | 76.9% |
Dec-2014 | 77.1% |
Jan-2015 | 77.1% |
Feb-2015 | 77.2% |
Mar-2015 | 77.1% |
Apr-2015 | 77.2% |
May-2015 | 77.2% |
Jun-2015 | 77.4% |
Jul-2015 | 77.1% |
Aug-2015 | 77.3% |
Sep-2015 | 77.2% |
Oct-2015 | 77.2% |
Nov-2015 | 77.4% |
Dec-2015 | 77.4% |
Jan-2016 | 77.7% |
Feb-2016 | 77.8% |
Mar-2016 | 77.9% |
Apr-2016 | 77.8% |
May-2016 | 77.9% |
Jun-2016 | 77.9% |
Jul-2016 | 78.0% |
Aug-2016 | 77.9% |
Sep-2016 | 78.0% |
Oct-2016 | 78.1% |
Nov-2016 | 78.1% |
Dec-2016 | 78.1% |
Jan-2017 | 78.2% |
Feb-2017 | 78.3% |
Mar-2017 | 78.5% |
Apr-2017 | 78.6% |
May-2017 | 78.5% |
Jun-2017 | 78.6% |
Jul-2017 | 78.8% |
Aug-2017 | 78.4% |
Sep-2017 | 79.0% |
Oct-2017 | 78.7% |
Nov-2017 | 78.9% |
Dec-2017 | 79.0% |
Jan-2018 | 78.9% |
Feb-2018 | 79.3% |
Mar-2018 | 79.2% |
Apr-2018 | 79.2% |
May-2018 | 79.3% |
Jun-2018 | 79.4% |
Jul-2018 | 79.6% |
Aug-2018 | 79.3% |
Sep-2018 | 79.4% |
Oct-2018 | 79.6% |
Nov-2018 | 79.6% |
Dec-2018 | 79.5% |
Jan-2019 | 79.8% |
Feb-2019 | 79.9% |
Mar-2019 | 79.8% |
Apr-2019 | 79.7% |
May-2019 | 79.7% |
Jun-2019 | 79.7% |
Jul-2019 | 79.6% |
Aug-2019 | 80.0% |
Sep-2019 | 80.2% |
Oct-2019 | 80.3% |
Nov-2019 | 80.3% |
Dec-2019 | 80.4% |
Jan-2020 | 80.6% |
Feb-2020 | 80.5% |
Mar-2020 | 79.5% |
Apr-2020 | 69.6% |
May-2020 | 71.4% |
Jun-2020 | 73.5% |
Jul-2020 | 73.8% |
Aug-2020 | 75.2% |
Sep-2020 | 75.1% |
Oct-2020 | 76.1% |
Nov-2020 | 76.0% |
Dec-2020 | 76.3% |
Jan-2021 | 76.4% |
Feb-2021 | 76.6% |
Mar-2021 | 76.8% |
Apr-2021 | 76.9% |
May-2021 | 77.1% |
Jun-2021 | 77.2% |
Jul-2021 | 77.8% |
Aug-2021 | 77.9% |
Sep-2021 | 78.0% |
Oct-2021 | 78.4% |
Nov-2021 | 78.9% |
Dec-2021 | 79.2% |
Jan-2022 | 79.2% |
Feb-2022 | 79.5% |
Mar-2022 | 80.0% |
Apr-2022 | 79.9% |
May-2022 | 80.0% |
Jun-2022 | 79.8% |
Jul-2022 | 79.9% |
Aug-2022 | 80.2% |
Sep-2022 | 80.2% |
Oct-2022 | 79.9% |
Nov-2022 | 79.8% |
Dec-2022 | 80.1% |
Jan-2023 | 80.3% |
Feb-2023 | 80.5% |
Mar-2023 | 80.7% |
Apr-2023 | 80.7% |
May-2023 | 80.7% |
Jun-2023 | 80.9% |
Jul-2023 | 80.9% |
Aug-2023 | 80.8% |
Sep-2023 | 80.8% |
Oct-2023 | 80.6% |
Nov-2023 | 80.7% |
Dec-2023 | 80.4% |
Jan-2024 | 80.6% |
Feb-2024 | 80.7% |
Mar-2024 | 80.7% |
Apr-2024 | 80.8% |
May-2024 | 80.8% |
Jun-2024 | 80.7% |
Jul-2024 | 80.9% |
Aug-2024 | 80.9% |
Sep-2024 | 80.9% |
Oct-2024 | 80.6% |
Nov-2024 | 80.4% |
Dec-2024 | 80.5% |
Jan-2025 | 80.7% |
Feb-2025 | 80.5% |
Mar-2025 | 80.4% |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.
Unemployment rate of workers age 16 and older by race and ethnicity, January 2020–March 2025
Date | White | Black | Hispanic | AAPI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan-2020 | 3.1% | 6.3% | 4.3% | 3% |
Feb-2020 | 3% | 6% | 4.4% | 2.5% |
Mar-2020 | 3.9% | 6.8% | 5.9% | 4.1% |
Apr-2020 | 14.1% | 16.6% | 18.8% | 14.4% |
May-2020 | 12.3% | 16.8% | 17.6% | 14.8% |
Jun-2020 | 10.0% | 15.2% | 14.5% | 13.8% |
Jul-2020 | 9.2% | 14.4% | 12.8% | 11.9% |
Aug-2020 | 7.4% | 12.8% | 10.6% | 10.6% |
Sep-2020 | 7.0% | 12.1% | 10.4% | 8.9% |
Oct-2020 | 6.0% | 10.9% | 8.9% | 7.6% |
Nov-2020 | 6.0% | 10.4% | 8.6% | 6.8% |
Dec-2020 | 6.1% | 10.0% | 9.4% | 6.1% |
Jan-2021 | 5.7% | 9.2% | 8.6% | 6.6% |
Feb-2021 | 5.5% | 9.8% | 8.4% | 5.1% |
Mar-2021 | 5.3% | 9.5% | 7.7% | 5.9% |
Apr-2021 | 5.3% | 9.7% | 7.7% | 5.7% |
May-2021 | 5.1% | 9.1% | 7.1% | 5.5% |
Jun-2021 | 5.3% | 9.2% | 7.2% | 5.7% |
Jul-2021 | 4.8% | 8.2% | 6.4% | 5.2% |
Aug-2021 | 4.5% | 8.7% | 6.2% | 4.5% |
Sep-2021 | 4.2% | 7.8% | 6.1% | 4.2% |
Oct-2021 | 3.9% | 7.8% | 5.7% | 4.2% |
Nov-2021 | 3.7% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 3.9% |
Dec-2021 | 3.2% | 7.1% | 4.9% | 3.8% |
Jan-2022 | 3.4% | 6.9% | 4.9% | 3.6% |
Feb-2022 | 3.3% | 6.6% | 4.4% | 3.1% |
Mar-2022 | 3.2% | 6.2% | 4.2% | 2.8% |
Apr-2022 | 3.2% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 3.1% |
May-2022 | 3.2% | 6.2% | 4.3% | 2.4% |
Jun-2022 | 3.3% | 5.8% | 4.3% | 3% |
Jul-2022 | 3.1% | 5.8% | 3.9% | 2.6% |
Aug-2022 | 3.2% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 2.8% |
Sep-2022 | 3.1% | 5.9% | 3.9% | 2.5% |
Oct-2022 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% |
Nov-2022 | 3.3% | 5.7% | 4% | 2.6% |
Dec-2022 | 3% | 5.7% | 4.1% | 2.4% |
Jan-2023 | 3.1% | 5.4% | 4.5% | 2.8% |
Feb-2023 | 3.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.4% |
Mar-2023 | 3.2% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 2.8% |
Apr-2023 | 3.1% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 2.8% |
May-2023 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 4 | 2.9 |
Jun-2023 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 3.2 |
Jul-2023 | 3.1 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 2.3 |
Aug-2023 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.1 |
Sept-2023 | 3.4% | 5.7% | 4.6% | 2.8% |
Oct-2023 | 3.5% | 5.8% | 4.8% | 3.1% |
Nov-2023 | 3.3% | 5.8% | 4.6% | 3.5% |
Dec-2023 | 3.5% | 5.2% | 5.0% | 3.1% |
Jan-2024 | 3.4% | 5.3% | 5.0% | 2.9% |
Feb-2024 | 3.4% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 3.4% |
Mar-2024 | 3.4% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 2.5% |
Apr-2024 | 3.5% | 5.6% | 4.8% | 2.8% |
May-2024 | 3.5% | 6.1% | 5.0% | 3.1% |
Jun-2024 | 3.5% | 6.3% | 4.9% | 4.1% |
Jul-2024 | 3.8% | 6.3% | 5.3% | 3.7% |
Aug-2024 | 3.8% | 6.1% | 5.5% | 4.1% |
Sept-2024 | 3.7% | 5.7% | 5.1% | 4.1% |
Oct-2024 | 3.8% | 5.7% | 5.1% | 3.9% |
Nov-2024 | 3.8% | 6.4% | 5.3% | 3.8% |
Dec-2024 | 3.6% | 6.1% | 5.1% | 3.5% |
Jan-2025 | 3.5% | 6.2% | 4.8% | 3.7% |
Feb-2025 | 3.8% | 6.0% | 5.2% | 3.2% |
Mar-2025 | 3.7% | 6.2% | 5.1% | 3.5% |

Note: AAPI refers to Asian American and Pacific Islander. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.
Employment-to-population ratios for workers age 16 and older by race and ethnicity, January 2020–February 2025
date | White | Black | Hispanic |
---|---|---|---|
Jan-2020 | 61.3% | 58.8% | 65% |
Feb-2020 | 61.3% | 59.2% | 64.8% |
Mar-2020 | 60.1% | 57.4% | 63.0% |
Apr-2020 | 51.7% | 48.6% | 51.1% |
May-2020 | 53.5% | 49.5% | 52.9% |
Jun-2020 | 55.5% | 50.9% | 55.7% |
Jul-2020 | 55.8% | 51.6% | 56.6% |
Aug-2020 | 57.2% | 52.6% | 58.3% |
Sep-2020 | 57.3% | 52.7% | 58.4% |
Oct-2020 | 58.1% | 53.8% | 59.9% |
Nov-2020 | 57.9% | 54.2% | 60.0% |
Dec-2020 | 57.8% | 54.0% | 59.4% |
Jan-2021 | 57.8% | 54.6% | 59.4% |
Feb-2021 | 58.0% | 54.0% | 59.9% |
Mar-2021 | 58.1% | 54.7% | 60.2% |
Apr-2021 | 58.2% | 55.0% | 60.1% |
May-2021 | 58.3% | 55.3% | 60.3% |
Jun-2021 | 58.2% | 56.0% | 60.5% |
Jul-2021 | 58.6% | 55.9% | 61.5% |
Aug-2021 | 58.7% | 56.3% | 61.5% |
Sep-2021 | 58.9% | 56.7% | 61.6% |
Oct-2021 | 59.1% | 56.5% | 62.1% |
Nov-2021 | 59.4% | 56.9% | 63.1% |
Dec-2021 | 59.7% | 56.6% | 62.9% |
Jan-2022 | 59.9% | 57.6% | 63.2% |
Feb-2022 | 60.1% | 57.9% | 63.7% |
Mar-2022 | 60.2% | 58.0% | 63.6% |
Apr-2022 | 59.9% | 58.4% | 63.3% |
May-2022 | 59.9% | 59.0% | 63.4% |
Jun-2022 | 59.9% | 58.6% | 63.5% |
Jul-2022 | 59.9% | 58.4% | 63.1% |
Aug-2022 | 60.1% | 58.0% | 63.8% |
Sep-2022 | 60.1% | 58.6% | 63.6% |
Oct-2022 | 60.0% | 58.5% | 63.5% |
Nov-2022 | 59.8% | 58.9% | 63.2% |
Dec-2022 | 60.2% | 58.9% | 63.6% |
Jan-2023 | 60.2% | 59.5% | 63.3% |
Feb-2023 | 60.2% | 59.7% | 63.3% |
Mar-2023 | 60.1% | 60.8% | 63.7% |
Apr-2023 | 60.3% | 59.9% | 63.8% |
May-2023 | 60.3% | 59.6% | 64.1% |
Jun-2023 | 60.4% | 58.9% | 64.4% |
Jul-2023 | 60.3% | 59.2% | 64.4% |
Aug-2023 | 60.4% | 59.4% | 63.9% |
Sep-2023 | 60.2% | 59.4% | 64.2% |
Oct-2023 | 60.1% | 59.3% | 63.8% |
Nov-2023 | 60.3% | 60.0% | 64.0% |
Dec-2023 | 59.9% | 60.1% | 63.4% |
Jan-2024 | 60.0% | 60.0% | 63.5% |
Feb-2024 | 60.0% | 60.1% | 63.7% |
Mar-2024 | 60.2% | 59.4% | 63.8% |
Apr-2024 | 60.2% | 59.6% | 64.1% |
May-2024 | 60.0% | 59.1% | 63.9% |
Jun-2024 | 60.0% | 58.8% | 64.2% |
Jul-2024 | 60.0% | 59.2% | 63.7% |
Aug-2024 | 60.0% | 58.9% | 64.1% |
Sep-2024 | 60.1% | 59.2% | 63.9% |
Oct-2024 | 59.8% | 59.3% | 63.5% |
Nov-2024 | 59.8% | 58.5% | 63.4% |
Dec-2024 | 59.9% | 58.6% | 64.1% |
Jan-2025 | 60.1% | 58.6% | 63.6% |
Feb-2025 | 59.7% | 58.9% | 63.4% |
Mar-2025 | 59.8% | 58.4% | 63.8% |

Note: Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.
A more comprehensive look at unemployment rates: Unemployment rates for select workers by race/ethnicity and gender, February 2020, April 2020, February 2025, and March 2025
characteristic | February 2020 | April 2020 | February 2025 | March 2025 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White men | 2.9% | 12.3% | 3.5% | 3.4% |
White women | 2.7% | 15.0% | 3.4% | 3.3% |
Black men | 6.2% | 16.5% | 5.5% | 6.1% |
Black women | 5.0% | 16.4% | 5.4% | 5.1% |
Latinx men | 3.3% | 16.6% | 4.6% | 4.5% |
Latinx women | 4.8% | 20.3% | 5.1% | 4.6% |

Notes: Data are for workers ages 20 and older. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Unemployment levels are labeled for February, November, and the peak in between.
A more comprehensive look at employment: Employment-to-population ratios for select workers by race/ethnicity and gender, February 2020, April 2020, February 2025, and March 2025
characteristic | February 2020 | April 2020 | February 2025 | March 2025 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White men | 69.6% | 60.5% | 67.0% | 67.1% |
White women | 56.6% | 47.1% | 55.8% | 56.0% |
Black men | 63.4% | 53.0% | 64.5% | 65.1% |
Black women | 60.7% | 49.4% | 59.3% | 57.8% |
Latinx men | 78.2% | 64.3% | 75.0% | 75.5% |
Latinx women | 58.8% | 44.7% | 58.9% | 59.3% |

Notes: Data are for workers ages 20 and older. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Employment to population levels are labeled for February, April, and the trough in between.
Unemployment rate for young workers, 16–24 years old, and workers 25+, 1979–2025
Ages 16–24 | Ages 25+ | |
---|---|---|
1979-01-01 | 11.6% | 4.0% |
1979-02-01 | 11.7% | 4.0% |
1979-03-01 | 11.6% | 4.0% |
1979-04-01 | 11.6% | 4.0% |
1979-05-01 | 11.6% | 3.7% |
1979-06-01 | 11.5% | 3.8% |
1979-07-01 | 11.6% | 3.8% |
1979-08-01 | 12.2% | 4.1% |
1979-09-01 | 12.1% | 3.9% |
1979-10-01 | 12.1% | 4.0% |
1979-11-01 | 11.6% | 4.1% |
1979-12-01 | 12.4% | 3.9% |
1980-01-01 | 12.6% | 4.3% |
1980-02-01 | 12.5% | 4.3% |
1980-03-01 | 12.3% | 4.5% |
1980-04-01 | 13.1% | 5.0% |
1980-05-01 | 14.7% | 5.2% |
1980-06-01 | 14.7% | 5.4% |
1980-07-01 | 14.9% | 5.6% |
1980-08-01 | 14.7% | 5.6% |
1980-09-01 | 14.3% | 5.4% |
1980-10-01 | 14.5% | 5.4% |
1980-11-01 | 14.4% | 5.3% |
1980-12-01 | 13.7% | 5.2% |
1981-01-01 | 14.5% | 5.3% |
1981-02-01 | 14.6% | 5.3% |
1981-03-01 | 14.5% | 5.2% |
1981-04-01 | 14.5% | 5.0% |
1981-05-01 | 15.1% | 5.2% |
1981-06-01 | 14.9% | 5.3% |
1981-07-01 | 14.1% | 5.2% |
1981-08-01 | 14.5% | 5.2% |
1981-09-01 | 14.9% | 5.4% |
1981-10-01 | 15.3% | 5.7% |
1981-11-01 | 15.9% | 6.0% |
1981-12-01 | 16.1% | 6.3% |
1982-01-01 | 16.5% | 6.3% |
1982-02-01 | 17.0% | 6.5% |
1982-03-01 | 16.9% | 6.8% |
1982-04-01 | 17.4% | 7.0% |
1982-05-01 | 17.3% | 7.1% |
1982-06-01 | 17.5% | 7.3% |
1982-07-01 | 18.0% | 7.5% |
1982-08-01 | 18.1% | 7.4% |
1982-09-01 | 18.2% | 7.9% |
1982-10-01 | 18.5% | 8.1% |
1982-11-01 | 19.0% | 8.4% |
1982-12-01 | 18.9% | 8.6% |
1983-01-01 | 18.5% | 8.1% |
1983-02-01 | 18.4% | 8.2% |
1983-03-01 | 18.2% | 8.1% |
1983-04-01 | 18.0% | 8.0% |
1983-05-01 | 17.7% | 8.0% |
1983-06-01 | 17.8% | 7.9% |
1983-07-01 | 16.8% | 7.3% |
1983-08-01 | 17.3% | 7.3% |
1983-09-01 | 16.4% | 7.2% |
1983-10-01 | 16.2% | 6.8% |
1983-11-01 | 15.4% | 6.6% |
1983-12-01 | 14.9% | 6.6% |
1984-01-01 | 14.8% | 6.2% |
1984-02-01 | 14.3% | 6.1% |
1984-03-01 | 14.4% | 5.9% |
1984-04-01 | 14.5% | 6.0% |
1984-05-01 | 13.6% | 5.7% |
1984-06-01 | 13.2% | 5.6% |
1984-07-01 | 13.7% | 5.8% |
1984-08-01 | 14.1% | 5.7% |
1984-09-01 | 14.0% | 5.6% |
1984-10-01 | 13.6% | 5.7% |
1984-11-01 | 13.2% | 5.6% |
1984-12-01 | 13.7% | 5.6% |
1985-01-01 | 13.6% | 5.7% |
1985-02-01 | 13.6% | 5.6% |
1985-03-01 | 13.6% | 5.6% |
1985-04-01 | 13.2% | 5.8% |
1985-05-01 | 13.6% | 5.5% |
1985-06-01 | 13.5% | 5.8% |
1985-07-01 | 14.2% | 5.6% |
1985-08-01 | 13.3% | 5.6% |
1985-09-01 | 13.3% | 5.6% |
1985-10-01 | 14.1% | 5.4% |
1985-11-01 | 13.5% | 5.3% |
1985-12-01 | 13.5% | 5.4% |
1986-01-01 | 13.0% | 5.1% |
1986-02-01 | 13.6% | 5.6% |
1986-03-01 | 13.2% | 5.6% |
1986-04-01 | 13.7% | 5.5% |
1986-05-01 | 13.7% | 5.5% |
1986-06-01 | 13.5% | 5.6% |
1986-07-01 | 13.3% | 5.5% |
1986-08-01 | 13.1% | 5.4% |
1986-09-01 | 13.6% | 5.4% |
1986-10-01 | 13.0% | 5.5% |
1986-11-01 | 12.8% | 5.4% |
1986-12-01 | 13.0% | 5.1% |
1987-01-01 | 13.0% | 5.1% |
1987-02-01 | 13.1% | 5.0% |
1987-03-01 | 12.8% | 5.1% |
1987-04-01 | 12.6% | 4.9% |
1987-05-01 | 12.5% | 4.8% |
1987-06-01 | 12.3% | 4.7% |
1987-07-01 | 11.8% | 4.7% |
1987-08-01 | 11.7% | 4.7% |
1987-09-01 | 11.8% | 4.6% |
1987-10-01 | 11.8% | 4.6% |
1987-11-01 | 11.5% | 4.5% |
1987-12-01 | 11.2% | 4.5% |
1988-01-01 | 11.5% | 4.4% |
1988-02-01 | 11.3% | 4.4% |
1988-03-01 | 11.8% | 4.3% |
1988-04-01 | 11.2% | 4.2% |
1988-05-01 | 11.3% | 4.3% |
1988-06-01 | 10.5% | 4.2% |
1988-07-01 | 10.8% | 4.2% |
1988-08-01 | 11.0% | 4.4% |
1988-09-01 | 10.8% | 4.2% |
1988-10-01 | 10.8% | 4.1% |
1988-11-01 | 10.5% | 4.2% |
1988-12-01 | 10.8% | 4.1% |
1989-01-01 | 11.8% | 4.1% |
1989-02-01 | 10.6% | 4.0% |
1989-03-01 | 10.1% | 3.9% |
1989-04-01 | 10.6% | 4.1% |
1989-05-01 | 10.4% | 4.0% |
1989-06-01 | 11.2% | 4.0% |
1989-07-01 | 10.6% | 4.0% |
1989-08-01 | 10.9% | 4.0% |
1989-09-01 | 11.1% | 4.1% |
1989-10-01 | 11.0% | 4.1% |
1989-11-01 | 11.3% | 4.1% |
1989-12-01 | 11.2% | 4.1% |
1990-01-01 | 10.8% | 4.1% |
1990-02-01 | 10.7% | 4.1% |
1990-03-01 | 10.6% | 4.1% |
1990-04-01 | 11.1% | 4.2% |
1990-05-01 | 10.8% | 4.2% |
1990-06-01 | 10.4% | 4.1% |
1990-07-01 | 10.7% | 4.4% |
1990-08-01 | 11.5% | 4.5% |
1990-09-01 | 11.7% | 4.6% |
1990-10-01 | 11.8% | 4.7% |
1990-11-01 | 12.0% | 4.9% |
1990-12-01 | 12.0% | 5.0% |
1991-01-01 | 12.6% | 5.0% |
1991-02-01 | 12.8% | 5.3% |
1991-03-01 | 13.1% | 5.5% |
1991-04-01 | 12.7% | 5.4% |
1991-05-01 | 13.6% | 5.5% |
1991-06-01 | 13.6% | 5.5% |
1991-07-01 | 13.8% | 5.4% |
1991-08-01 | 13.5% | 5.5% |
1991-09-01 | 13.4% | 5.5% |
1991-10-01 | 13.9% | 5.6% |
1991-11-01 | 13.8% | 5.7% |
1991-12-01 | 14.6% | 5.8% |
1992-01-01 | 13.9% | 5.9% |
1992-02-01 | 14.2% | 6.0% |
1992-03-01 | 14.1% | 6.1% |
1992-04-01 | 13.6% | 6.1% |
1992-05-01 | 14.4% | 6.3% |
1992-06-01 | 15.2% | 6.3% |
1992-07-01 | 14.5% | 6.3% |
1992-08-01 | 14.2% | 6.3% |
1992-09-01 | 14.5% | 6.2% |
1992-10-01 | 13.5% | 6.1% |
1992-11-01 | 14.3% | 6.1% |
1992-12-01 | 14.2% | 6.1% |
1993-01-01 | 14.0% | 5.8% |
1993-02-01 | 14.1% | 5.7% |
1993-03-01 | 13.6% | 5.7% |
1993-04-01 | 13.8% | 5.7% |
1993-05-01 | 14.2% | 5.6% |
1993-06-01 | 13.7% | 5.7% |
1993-07-01 | 13.1% | 5.7% |
1993-08-01 | 13.0% | 5.5% |
1993-09-01 | 12.6% | 5.6% |
1993-10-01 | 13.0% | 5.6% |
1993-11-01 | 12.9% | 5.4% |
1993-12-01 | 12.5% | 5.4% |
1994-01-01 | 13.4% | 5.2% |
1994-02-01 | 12.9% | 5.3% |
1994-03-01 | 13.1% | 5.2% |
1994-04-01 | 13.3% | 5.0% |
1994-05-01 | 12.5% | 4.8% |
1994-06-01 | 12.4% | 4.8% |
1994-07-01 | 12.4% | 4.8% |
1994-08-01 | 12.5% | 4.8% |
1994-09-01 | 12.1% | 4.7% |
1994-10-01 | 12.0% | 4.6% |
1994-11-01 | 11.4% | 4.5% |
1994-12-01 | 11.5% | 4.3% |
1995-01-01 | 11.4% | 4.4% |
1995-02-01 | 11.7% | 4.2% |
1995-03-01 | 11.6% | 4.2% |
1995-04-01 | 12.0% | 4.5% |
1995-05-01 | 11.9% | 4.5% |
1995-06-01 | 12.0% | 4.4% |
1995-07-01 | 12.5% | 4.4% |
1995-08-01 | 12.5% | 4.4% |
1995-09-01 | 12.7% | 4.3% |
1995-10-01 | 12.4% | 4.2% |
1995-11-01 | 12.0% | 4.4% |
1995-12-01 | 12.4% | 4.3% |
1996-01-01 | 12.8% | 4.3% |
1996-02-01 | 12.2% | 4.2% |
1996-03-01 | 12.2% | 4.2% |
1996-04-01 | 12.0% | 4.3% |
1996-05-01 | 12.2% | 4.3% |
1996-06-01 | 11.8% | 4.1% |
1996-07-01 | 12.4% | 4.2% |
1996-08-01 | 11.6% | 4.0% |
1996-09-01 | 11.4% | 4.0% |
1996-10-01 | 11.6% | 4.0% |
1996-11-01 | 11.9% | 4.1% |
1996-12-01 | 11.8% | 4.1% |
1997-01-01 | 12.2% | 4.0% |
1997-02-01 | 11.8% | 4.0% |
1997-03-01 | 11.7% | 3.9% |
1997-04-01 | 11.6% | 3.8% |
1997-05-01 | 11.1% | 3.8% |
1997-06-01 | 11.4% | 3.8% |
1997-07-01 | 11.2% | 3.7% |
1997-08-01 | 11.1% | 3.7% |
1997-09-01 | 11.2% | 3.7% |
1997-10-01 | 11.0% | 3.5% |
1997-11-01 | 10.8% | 3.4% |
1997-12-01 | 10.5% | 3.6% |
1998-01-01 | 10.9% | 3.5% |
1998-02-01 | 10.6% | 3.5% |
1998-03-01 | 10.5% | 3.6% |
1998-04-01 | 9.7% | 3.4% |
1998-05-01 | 10.3% | 3.3% |
1998-06-01 | 10.6% | 3.4% |
1998-07-01 | 10.6% | 3.4% |
1998-08-01 | 10.8% | 3.3% |
1998-09-01 | 11.0% | 3.4% |
1998-10-01 | 10.5% | 3.4% |
1998-11-01 | 9.8% | 3.3% |
1998-12-01 | 9.6% | 3.3% |
1999-01-01 | 10.2% | 3.2% |
1999-02-01 | 10.1% | 3.3% |
1999-03-01 | 9.9% | 3.1% |
1999-04-01 | 10.0% | 3.3% |
1999-05-01 | 9.6% | 3.1% |
1999-06-01 | 10.0% | 3.2% |
1999-07-01 | 9.9% | 3.2% |
1999-08-01 | 9.6% | 3.2% |
1999-09-01 | 10.2% | 3.1% |
1999-10-01 | 10.0% | 3.0% |
1999-11-01 | 9.9% | 3.0% |
1999-12-01 | 9.6% | 2.9% |
2000-01-01 | 9.4% | 3.0% |
2000-02-01 | 9.9% | 3.0% |
2000-03-01 | 9.6% | 3.0% |
2000-04-01 | 9.2% | 2.9% |
2000-05-01 | 9.8% | 3.0% |
2000-06-01 | 9.3% | 3.0% |
2000-07-01 | 9.3% | 3.0% |
2000-08-01 | 9.3% | 3.1% |
2000-09-01 | 8.9% | 3.0% |
2000-10-01 | 8.9% | 2.9% |
2000-11-01 | 9.1% | 3.0% |
2000-12-01 | 9.2% | 2.9% |
2001-01-01 | 9.6% | 3.2% |
2001-02-01 | 9.6% | 3.2% |
2001-03-01 | 9.8% | 3.2% |
2001-04-01 | 10.2% | 3.3% |
2001-05-01 | 9.9% | 3.3% |
2001-06-01 | 10.4% | 3.5% |
2001-07-01 | 10.2% | 3.5% |
2001-08-01 | 11.2% | 3.8% |
2001-09-01 | 10.8% | 3.9% |
2001-10-01 | 11.5% | 4.2% |
2001-11-01 | 11.6% | 4.4% |
2001-12-01 | 12.2% | 4.5% |
2002-01-01 | 12.1% | 4.5% |
2002-02-01 | 11.8% | 4.5% |
2002-03-01 | 12.5% | 4.5% |
2002-04-01 | 12.3% | 4.8% |
2002-05-01 | 11.6% | 4.8% |
2002-06-01 | 11.8% | 4.7% |
2002-07-01 | 12.1% | 4.6% |
2002-08-01 | 12.0% | 4.6% |
2002-09-01 | 11.7% | 4.5% |
2002-10-01 | 11.8% | 4.6% |
2002-11-01 | 12.1% | 4.7% |
2002-12-01 | 12.1% | 4.8% |
2003-01-01 | 12.0% | 4.7% |
2003-02-01 | 12.1% | 4.8% |
2003-03-01 | 12.0% | 4.8% |
2003-04-01 | 12.6% | 4.9% |
2003-05-01 | 12.9% | 4.9% |
2003-06-01 | 13.2% | 5.1% |
2003-07-01 | 13.0% | 4.9% |
2003-08-01 | 12.3% | 5.0% |
2003-09-01 | 12.8% | 4.9% |
2003-10-01 | 12.2% | 4.9% |
2003-11-01 | 12.1% | 4.8% |
2003-12-01 | 11.7% | 4.6% |
2004-01-01 | 12.0% | 4.6% |
2004-02-01 | 11.7% | 4.5% |
2004-03-01 | 12.0% | 4.7% |
2004-04-01 | 11.6% | 4.5% |
2004-05-01 | 12.1% | 4.4% |
2004-06-01 | 12.0% | 4.5% |
2004-07-01 | 12.1% | 4.4% |
2004-08-01 | 11.5% | 4.3% |
2004-09-01 | 11.7% | 4.3% |
2004-10-01 | 12.1% | 4.2% |
2004-11-01 | 11.5% | 4.3% |
2004-12-01 | 11.7% | 4.2% |
2005-01-01 | 11.6% | 4.1% |
2005-02-01 | 12.4% | 4.2% |
2005-03-01 | 11.8% | 4.0% |
2005-04-01 | 11.8% | 4.0% |
2005-05-01 | 11.7% | 3.9% |
2005-06-01 | 11.1% | 4.0% |
2005-07-01 | 10.7% | 4.0% |
2005-08-01 | 11.1% | 3.8% |
2005-09-01 | 10.8% | 4.1% |
2005-10-01 | 10.8% | 3.9% |
2005-11-01 | 11.1% | 4.0% |
2005-12-01 | 10.5% | 3.9% |
2006-01-01 | 10.4% | 3.7% |
2006-02-01 | 10.8% | 3.7% |
2006-03-01 | 10.5% | 3.6% |
2006-04-01 | 10.3% | 3.7% |
2006-05-01 | 10.0% | 3.7% |
2006-06-01 | 10.4% | 3.6% |
2006-07-01 | 10.9% | 3.7% |
2006-08-01 | 10.7% | 3.6% |
2006-09-01 | 10.6% | 3.5% |
2006-10-01 | 10.6% | 3.3% |
2006-11-01 | 10.6% | 3.5% |
2006-12-01 | 10.0% | 3.5% |
2007-01-01 | 10.3% | 3.7% |
2007-02-01 | 9.9% | 3.6% |
2007-03-01 | 10.0% | 3.4% |
2007-04-01 | 10.3% | 3.5% |
2007-05-01 | 9.9% | 3.5% |
2007-06-01 | 10.6% | 3.5% |
2007-07-01 | 10.5% | 3.7% |
2007-08-01 | 10.7% | 3.6% |
2007-09-01 | 11.2% | 3.6% |
2007-10-01 | 10.7% | 3.7% |
2007-11-01 | 10.8% | 3.7% |
2007-12-01 | 11.7% | 3.8% |
2008-01-01 | 11.7% | 3.8% |
2008-02-01 | 11.4% | 3.8% |
2008-03-01 | 11.4% | 4.0% |
2008-04-01 | 11.0% | 4.0% |
2008-05-01 | 13.0% | 4.1% |
2008-06-01 | 12.9% | 4.3% |
2008-07-01 | 13.5% | 4.5% |
2008-08-01 | 13.1% | 4.9% |
2008-09-01 | 13.5% | 4.9% |
2008-10-01 | 13.6% | 5.3% |
2008-11-01 | 14.0% | 5.6% |
2008-12-01 | 14.8% | 6.1% |
2009-01-01 | 15.0% | 6.6% |
2009-02-01 | 16.0% | 7.1% |
2009-03-01 | 16.5% | 7.4% |
2009-04-01 | 16.7% | 7.7% |
2009-05-01 | 17.6% | 8.0% |
2009-06-01 | 18.0% | 8.1% |
2009-07-01 | 17.9% | 8.1% |
2009-08-01 | 18.1% | 8.3% |
2009-09-01 | 18.4% | 8.4% |
2009-10-01 | 19.1% | 8.6% |
2009-11-01 | 19.2% | 8.4% |
2009-12-01 | 18.8% | 8.4% |
2010-01-01 | 18.8% | 8.3% |
2010-02-01 | 18.7% | 8.4% |
2010-03-01 | 18.8% | 8.5% |
2010-04-01 | 19.5% | 8.4% |
2010-05-01 | 18.1% | 8.3% |
2010-06-01 | 18.2% | 8.1% |
2010-07-01 | 18.4% | 8.0% |
2010-08-01 | 17.7% | 8.2% |
2010-09-01 | 17.9% | 8.2% |
2010-10-01 | 18.7% | 8.1% |
2010-11-01 | 18.5% | 8.4% |
2010-12-01 | 17.9% | 8.0% |
2011-01-01 | 18.1% | 7.7% |
2011-02-01 | 17.7% | 7.6% |
2011-03-01 | 17.6% | 7.6% |
2011-04-01 | 17.6% | 7.7% |
2011-05-01 | 17.3% | 7.7% |
2011-06-01 | 17.1% | 7.9% |
2011-07-01 | 17.3% | 7.7% |
2011-08-01 | 17.4% | 7.7% |
2011-09-01 | 17.3% | 7.7% |
2011-10-01 | 16.7% | 7.6% |
2011-11-01 | 17.0% | 7.3% |
2011-12-01 | 16.7% | 7.2% |
2012-01-01 | 16.1% | 7.0% |
2012-02-01 | 16.5% | 7.0% |
2012-03-01 | 16.2% | 6.9% |
2012-04-01 | 16.6% | 6.8% |
2012-05-01 | 16.1% | 6.9% |
2012-06-01 | 16.2% | 7.0% |
2012-07-01 | 16.3% | 6.9% |
2012-08-01 | 16.7% | 6.7% |
2012-09-01 | 15.5% | 6.6% |
2012-10-01 | 16.0% | 6.5% |
2012-11-01 | 15.9% | 6.4% |
2012-12-01 | 16.5% | 6.5% |
2013-01-01 | 16.8% | 6.5% |
2013-02-01 | 16.3% | 6.3% |
2013-03-01 | 16.1% | 6.2% |
2013-04-01 | 16.3% | 6.2% |
2013-05-01 | 16.3% | 6.1% |
2013-06-01 | 16.0% | 6.2% |
2013-07-01 | 15.4% | 6.0% |
2013-08-01 | 15.7% | 5.9% |
2013-09-01 | 15.1% | 6.0% |
2013-10-01 | 14.8% | 6.0% |
2013-11-01 | 14.1% | 5.9% |
2013-12-01 | 13.4% | 5.6% |
2014-01-01 | 14.1% | 5.3% |
2014-02-01 | 14.5% | 5.4% |
2014-03-01 | 14.6% | 5.4% |
2014-04-01 | 13.0% | 5.2% |
2014-05-01 | 13.3% | 5.2% |
2014-06-01 | 13.1% | 5.0% |
2014-07-01 | 13.5% | 5.0% |
2014-08-01 | 13.2% | 5.0% |
2014-09-01 | 13.8% | 4.7% |
2014-10-01 | 12.6% | 4.7% |
2014-11-01 | 12.5% | 4.8% |
2014-12-01 | 12.2% | 4.5% |
2015-01-01 | 12.0% | 4.6% |
2015-02-01 | 11.8% | 4.5% |
2015-03-01 | 12.5% | 4.4% |
2015-04-01 | 11.8% | 4.5% |
2015-05-01 | 12.3% | 4.5% |
2015-06-01 | 11.9% | 4.2% |
2015-07-01 | 11.5% | 4.2% |
2015-08-01 | 11.1% | 4.1% |
2015-09-01 | 11.2% | 4.1% |
2015-10-01 | 11.0% | 4.1% |
2015-11-01 | 11.2% | 4.2% |
2015-12-01 | 11.1% | 4.0% |
2016-01-01 | 10.0% | 4.0% |
2016-02-01 | 10.5% | 4.0% |
2016-03-01 | 10.7% | 4.1% |
2016-04-01 | 11.0% | 4.1% |
2016-05-01 | 10.4% | 3.9% |
2016-06-01 | 10.5% | 4.0% |
2016-07-01 | 10.6% | 3.9% |
2016-08-01 | 10.2% | 4.1% |
2016-09-01 | 10.4% | 4.2% |
2016-10-01 | 10.6% | 4.0% |
2016-11-01 | 10.3% | 3.9% |
2016-12-01 | 10.0% | 3.9% |
2017-01-01 | 10.0% | 3.9% |
2017-02-01 | 9.8% | 3.9% |
2017-03-01 | 9.0% | 3.7% |
2017-04-01 | 9.3% | 3.6% |
2017-05-01 | 8.7% | 3.7% |
2017-06-01 | 9.1% | 3.6% |
2017-07-01 | 8.9% | 3.6% |
2017-08-01 | 8.9% | 3.7% |
2017-09-01 | 9.1% | 3.5% |
2017-10-01 | 9.2% | 3.4% |
2017-11-01 | 9.8% | 3.4% |
2017-12-01 | 9.1% | 3.4% |
2018-01-01 | 9.2% | 3.3% |
2018-02-01 | 9.0% | 3.4% |
2018-03-01 | 8.3% | 3.3% |
2018-04-01 | 8.4% | 3.3% |
2018-05-01 | 8.6% | 3.1% |
2018-06-01 | 8.8% | 3.2% |
2018-07-01 | 8.6% | 3.1% |
2018-08-01 | 8.2% | 3.1% |
2018-09-01 | 8.4% | 3.0% |
2018-10-01 | 8.5% | 3.1% |
2018-11-01 | 8.3% | 3.1% |
2018-12-01 | 8.9% | 3.2% |
2019-01-01 | 9.3% | 3.2% |
2019-02-01 | 9.1% | 3.1% |
2019-03-01 | 8.6% | 3.1% |
2019-04-01 | 8.3% | 2.9% |
2019-05-01 | 8.5% | 2.9% |
2019-06-01 | 7.9% | 3.0% |
2019-07-01 | 8.4% | 3.0% |
2019-08-01 | 8.3% | 2.9% |
2019-09-01 | 7.9% | 2.8% |
2019-10-01 | 7.9% | 2.9% |
2019-11-01 | 8.1% | 2.9% |
2019-12-01 | 8.4% | 2.9% |
2020-01-01 | 8.6% | 2.9% |
2020-02-01 | 7.8% | 2.9% |
2020-03-01 | 10.1% | 3.6% |
2020-04-01 | 27.5% | 13.0% |
2020-05-01 | 25.1% | 11.5% |
2020-06-01 | 20.4% | 9.7% |
2020-07-01 | 18.3% | 9.0% |
2020-08-01 | 14.7% | 7.5% |
2020-09-01 | 13.5% | 7.0% |
2020-10-01 | 11.8% | 6.1% |
2020-11-01 | 11.6% | 6.0% |
2020-12-01 | 12.6% | 5.9% |
2021-01-01 | 11.4% | 5.6% |
2021-02-01 | 10.9% | 5.6% |
2021-03-01 | 11.0% | 5.3% |
2021-04-01 | 11.2% | 5.3% |
2021-05-01 | 10.0% | 5.1% |
2021-06-01 | 9.7% | 5.3% |
2021-07-01 | 9.5% | 4.8% |
2021-08-01 | 9.6% | 4.5% |
2021-09-01 | 8.7% | 4.1% |
2021-10-01 | 8.3% | 3.9% |
2021-11-01 | 8.3% | 3.6% |
2021-12-01 | 8.2% | 3.3% |
2022-01-01 | 8.4% | 3.4% |
2022-02-01 | 8.2% | 3.2% |
2022-03-01 | 8.4% | 2.9% |
2022-04-01 | 8.2% | 3.0% |
2022-05-01 | 7.8% | 3.0% |
2022-06-01 | 8.1% | 3.0% |
2022-07-01 | 7.8% | 2.8% |
2022-08-01 | 7.8% | 3.0% |
2022-09-01 | 8.2% | 2.8% |
2022-10-01 | 7.9% | 3.0% |
2022-11-01 | 8.2% | 3.0% |
2022-12-01 | 8.3% | 2.8% |
2023-01-01 | 8.1% | 2.8% |
2023-02-01 | 8.1% | 2.9% |
2023-03-01 | 7.5% | 2.9% |
2023-04-01 | 6.6% | 2.9% |
2023-05-01 | 7.4% | 3.1% |
2023-06-01 | 7.6% | 3.0% |
2023-07-01 | 8.1% | 2.8% |
2023-08-01 | 8.6% | 3.0% |
2023-09-01 | 8.4% | 3.1% |
2023-10-01 | 8.8% | 3.1% |
2023-11-01 | 8.0% | 3.1% |
2023-12-01 | 8.0% | 3.2% |
2024-01-01 | 7.3% | 3.2% |
2024-02-01 | 8.8% | 3.2% |
2024-03-01 | 8.8% | 3.1% |
2024-04-01 | 8.3% | 3.2% |
2024-05-01 | 9.3% | 3.2% |
2024-06-01 | 8.9% | 3.3% |
2024-07-01 | 9.1% | 3.5% |
2024-08-01 | 9.7% | 3.4% |
2024-09-01 | 9.2% | 3.3% |
2024-10-01 | 9.5% | 3.4% |
2024-11-01 | 9.4% | 3.5% |
2024-12-01 | 9.0% | 3.4% |
2025-01-01 | 9.0% | 3.3% |
2025-02-01 | 9.7% | 3.4% |
2025-03-01 | 9.4% | 3.3% |

Notes: Shaded areas represent recessions.
Source: Authors' analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey public data.
Share of newly employed workers who said that they were not actively searching for work in the previous month
date | Share of newly employed workers who said that they were not actively searching for work in the previous month |
---|---|
Apr-1990 | 61.9% |
May-1990 | 62.6% |
Jun-1990 | 62.0% |
Jul-1990 | 62.0% |
Aug-1990 | 61.6% |
Sep-1990 | 62.3% |
Oct-1990 | 61.0% |
Nov-1990 | 61.2% |
Dec-1990 | 60.4% |
Jan-1991 | 59.9% |
Feb-1991 | 59.0% |
Mar-1991 | 58.5% |
Apr-1991 | 57.7% |
May-1991 | 57.6% |
Jun-1991 | 57.2% |
Jul-1991 | 58.0% |
Aug-1991 | 57.8% |
Sep-1991 | 57.7% |
Oct-1991 | 57.3% |
Nov-1991 | 56.9% |
Dec-1991 | 57.0% |
Jan-1992 | 56.8% |
Feb-1992 | 57.1% |
Mar-1992 | 57.1% |
Apr-1992 | 57.2% |
May-1992 | 57.3% |
Jun-1992 | 56.6% |
Jul-1992 | 56.4% |
Aug-1992 | 56.1% |
Sep-1992 | 55.9% |
Oct-1992 | 55.7% |
Nov-1992 | 55.8% |
Dec-1992 | 56.1% |
Jan-1993 | 56.6% |
Feb-1993 | 57.7% |
Mar-1993 | 58.3% |
Apr-1993 | 58.4% |
May-1993 | 58.2% |
Jun-1993 | 58.1% |
Jul-1993 | 57.5% |
Aug-1993 | 57.5% |
Sep-1993 | 58.0% |
Oct-1993 | 58.9% |
Nov-1993 | 58.5% |
Dec-1993 | 58.3% |
Jan-1994 | 58.8% |
Feb-1994 | 59.2% |
Mar-1994 | 59.1% |
Apr-1994 | 58.7% |
May-1994 | 58.3% |
Jun-1994 | 58.5% |
Jul-1994 | 58.6% |
Aug-1994 | 59.0% |
Sep-1994 | 59.1% |
Oct-1994 | 59.8% |
Nov-1994 | 60.1% |
Dec-1994 | 60.3% |
Jan-1995 | 60.4% |
Feb-1995 | 59.5% |
Mar-1995 | 59.7% |
Apr-1995 | 59.7% |
May-1995 | 59.2% |
Jun-1995 | 59.5% |
Jul-1995 | 59.5% |
Aug-1995 | 60.0% |
Sep-1995 | 60.2% |
Oct-1995 | 59.9% |
Nov-1995 | 60.6% |
Dec-1995 | 59.9% |
Jan-1996 | 59.8% |
Feb-1996 | 60.3% |
Mar-1996 | 60.7% |
Apr-1996 | 61.0% |
May-1996 | 60.7% |
Jun-1996 | 60.8% |
Jul-1996 | 61.5% |
Aug-1996 | 60.8% |
Sep-1996 | 60.9% |
Oct-1996 | 60.2% |
Nov-1996 | 60.6% |
Dec-1996 | 59.6% |
Jan-1997 | 59.1% |
Feb-1997 | 58.9% |
Mar-1997 | 60.3% |
Apr-1997 | 61.4% |
May-1997 | 61.8% |
Jun-1997 | 61.1% |
Jul-1997 | 60.4% |
Aug-1997 | 61.3% |
Sep-1997 | 61.9% |
Oct-1997 | 62.5% |
Nov-1997 | 62.7% |
Dec-1997 | 62.8% |
Jan-1998 | 63.3% |
Feb-1998 | 62.7% |
Mar-1998 | 62.9% |
Apr-1998 | 62.4% |
May-1998 | 63.5% |
Jun-1998 | 63.2% |
Jul-1998 | 64.2% |
Aug-1998 | 64.0% |
Sep-1998 | 65.2% |
Oct-1998 | 65.1% |
Nov-1998 | 65.1% |
Dec-1998 | 64.9% |
Jan-1999 | 65.6% |
Feb-1999 | 65.5% |
Mar-1999 | 64.2% |
Apr-1999 | 65.3% |
May-1999 | 66.1% |
Jun-1999 | 67.4% |
Jul-1999 | 66.4% |
Aug-1999 | 65.7% |
Sep-1999 | 65.3% |
Oct-1999 | 65.5% |
Nov-1999 | 65.3% |
Dec-1999 | 65.1% |
Jan-2000 | 64.4% |
Feb-2000 | 65.4% |
Mar-2000 | 65.7% |
Apr-2000 | 65.9% |
May-2000 | 65.6% |
Jun-2000 | 65.9% |
Jul-2000 | 65.4% |
Aug-2000 | 65.5% |
Sep-2000 | 65.6% |
Oct-2000 | 66.5% |
Nov-2000 | 67.4% |
Dec-2000 | 68.1% |
Jan-2001 | 69.0% |
Feb-2001 | 68.6% |
Mar-2001 | 67.9% |
Apr-2001 | 66.9% |
May-2001 | 65.8% |
Jun-2001 | 65.3% |
Jul-2001 | 65.7% |
Aug-2001 | 66.2% |
Sep-2001 | 66.6% |
Oct-2001 | 65.5% |
Nov-2001 | 64.4% |
Dec-2001 | 62.9% |
Jan-2002 | 62.6% |
Feb-2002 | 62.3% |
Mar-2002 | 61.7% |
Apr-2002 | 61.9% |
May-2002 | 62.8% |
Jun-2002 | 64.4% |
Jul-2002 | 64.5% |
Aug-2002 | 64.0% |
Sep-2002 | 63.1% |
Oct-2002 | 63.1% |
Nov-2002 | 63.7% |
Dec-2002 | 64.1% |
Jan-2003 | 64.2% |
Feb-2003 | 64.2% |
Mar-2003 | 64.5% |
Apr-2003 | 64.3% |
May-2003 | 63.7% |
Jun-2003 | 63.5% |
Jul-2003 | 63.1% |
Aug-2003 | 63.2% |
Sep-2003 | 63.4% |
Oct-2003 | 64.3% |
Nov-2003 | 64.7% |
Dec-2003 | 63.7% |
Jan-2004 | 63.6% |
Feb-2004 | 63.4% |
Mar-2004 | 64.9% |
Apr-2004 | 64.3% |
May-2004 | 64.3% |
Jun-2004 | 63.7% |
Jul-2004 | 64.2% |
Aug-2004 | 64.5% |
Sep-2004 | 64.1% |
Oct-2004 | 64.2% |
Nov-2004 | 64.0% |
Dec-2004 | 64.4% |
Jan-2005 | 64.6% |
Feb-2005 | 64.8% |
Mar-2005 | 64.9% |
Apr-2005 | 65.1% |
May-2005 | 65.8% |
Jun-2005 | 66.1% |
Jul-2005 | 66.6% |
Aug-2005 | 65.9% |
Sep-2005 | 66.5% |
Oct-2005 | 66.2% |
Nov-2005 | 66.0% |
Dec-2005 | 65.9% |
Jan-2006 | 65.8% |
Feb-2006 | 67.3% |
Mar-2006 | 67.3% |
Apr-2006 | 67.6% |
May-2006 | 67.3% |
Jun-2006 | 67.2% |
Jul-2006 | 66.7% |
Aug-2006 | 66.4% |
Sep-2006 | 65.9% |
Oct-2006 | 66.9% |
Nov-2006 | 67.6% |
Dec-2006 | 68.3% |
Jan-2007 | 68.0% |
Feb-2007 | 67.0% |
Mar-2007 | 66.5% |
Apr-2007 | 65.8% |
May-2007 | 66.2% |
Jun-2007 | 67.6% |
Jul-2007 | 67.7% |
Aug-2007 | 67.6% |
Sep-2007 | 66.9% |
Oct-2007 | 67.0% |
Nov-2007 | 67.5% |
Dec-2007 | 66.6% |
Jan-2008 | 66.4% |
Feb-2008 | 65.4% |
Mar-2008 | 65.6% |
Apr-2008 | 64.7% |
May-2008 | 65.1% |
Jun-2008 | 64.9% |
Jul-2008 | 65.3% |
Aug-2008 | 64.2% |
Sep-2008 | 62.9% |
Oct-2008 | 62.1% |
Nov-2008 | 61.9% |
Dec-2008 | 62.3% |
Jan-2009 | 62.2% |
Feb-2009 | 61.6% |
Mar-2009 | 60.8% |
Apr-2009 | 59.8% |
May-2009 | 59.6% |
Jun-2009 | 58.3% |
Jul-2009 | 57.5% |
Aug-2009 | 57.0% |
Sep-2009 | 56.8% |
Oct-2009 | 57.6% |
Nov-2009 | 56.7% |
Dec-2009 | 57.7% |
Jan-2010 | 57.9% |
Feb-2010 | 58.8% |
Mar-2010 | 58.7% |
Apr-2010 | 57.4% |
May-2010 | 56.4% |
Jun-2010 | 56.6% |
Jul-2010 | 57.2% |
Aug-2010 | 58.4% |
Sep-2010 | 58.8% |
Oct-2010 | 58.9% |
Nov-2010 | 58.9% |
Dec-2010 | 58.4% |
Jan-2011 | 59.1% |
Feb-2011 | 59.5% |
Mar-2011 | 60.1% |
Apr-2011 | 60.4% |
May-2011 | 60.2% |
Jun-2011 | 59.7% |
Jul-2011 | 59.8% |
Aug-2011 | 59.6% |
Sep-2011 | 60.6% |
Oct-2011 | 59.8% |
Nov-2011 | 59.8% |
Dec-2011 | 59.1% |
Jan-2012 | 59.2% |
Feb-2012 | 59.1% |
Mar-2012 | 59.4% |
Apr-2012 | 60.3% |
May-2012 | 60.9% |
Jun-2012 | 61.6% |
Jul-2012 | 61.8% |
Aug-2012 | 62.3% |
Sep-2012 | 62.3% |
Oct-2012 | 62.0% |
Nov-2012 | 61.8% |
Dec-2012 | 62.5% |
Jan-2013 | 62.2% |
Feb-2013 | 61.5% |
Mar-2013 | 61.6% |
Apr-2013 | 63.1% |
May-2013 | 63.5% |
Jun-2013 | 63.2% |
Jul-2013 | 62.3% |
Aug-2013 | 62.9% |
Sep-2013 | 63.5% |
Oct-2013 | 64.3% |
Nov-2013 | 64.1% |
Dec-2013 | 63.6% |
Jan-2014 | 63.9% |
Feb-2014 | 63.6% |
Mar-2014 | 63.9% |
Apr-2014 | 62.8% |
May-2014 | 64.2% |
Jun-2014 | 64.5% |
Jul-2014 | 66.0% |
Aug-2014 | 65.5% |
Sep-2014 | 65.3% |
Oct-2014 | 64.9% |
Nov-2014 | 65.3% |
Dec-2014 | 65.8% |
Jan-2015 | 67.2% |
Feb-2015 | 67.8% |
Mar-2015 | 68.5% |
Apr-2015 | 68.1% |
May-2015 | 68.5% |
Jun-2015 | 68.1% |
Jul-2015 | 68.9% |
Aug-2015 | 68.6% |
Sep-2015 | 68.8% |
Oct-2015 | 68.7% |
Nov-2015 | 68.5% |
Dec-2015 | 69.0% |
Jan-2016 | 68.7% |
Feb-2016 | 70.2% |
Mar-2016 | 71.2% |
Apr-2016 | 71.2% |
May-2016 | 69.5% |
Jun-2016 | 68.6% |
Jul-2016 | 68.6% |
Aug-2016 | 69.5% |
Sep-2016 | 69.1% |
Oct-2016 | 67.9% |
Nov-2016 | 67.4% |
Dec-2016 | 68.6% |
Jan-2017 | 69.5% |
Feb-2017 | 69.5% |
Mar-2017 | 69.6% |
Apr-2017 | 70.0% |
May-2017 | 70.2% |
Jun-2017 | 70.5% |
Jul-2017 | 70.1% |
Aug-2017 | 70.7% |
Sep-2017 | 70.3% |
Oct-2017 | 70.2% |
Nov-2017 | 70.2% |
Dec-2017 | 70.2% |
Jan-2018 | 71.2% |
Feb-2018 | 71.4% |
Mar-2018 | 71.5% |
Apr-2018 | 71.5% |
May-2018 | 71.5% |
Jun-2018 | 72.3% |
Jul-2018 | 72.8% |
Aug-2018 | 72.8% |
Sep-2018 | 72.8% |
Oct-2018 | 72.4% |
Nov-2018 | 72.6% |
Dec-2018 | 72.5% |
Jan-2019 | 72.4% |
Feb-2019 | 72.5% |
Mar-2019 | 72.0% |
Apr-2019 | 72.4% |
May-2019 | 73.1% |
Jun-2019 | 73.8% |
Jul-2019 | 74.2% |
Aug-2019 | 73.7% |
Sep-2019 | 73.6% |
Oct-2019 | 74.1% |
Nov-2019 | 74.4% |
Dec-2019 | 74.2% |
Jan-2020 | 73.1% |
Feb-2020 | 72.5% |
Mar-2020 | 72.8% |
Apr-2020 | 72.8% |
May-2020 | 62.3% |
Jun-2020 | 50.3% |
Jul-2020 | 41.3% |
Aug-2020 | 44.2% |
Sep-2020 | 50.2% |
Oct-2020 | 54.5% |
Nov-2020 | 58.3% |
Dec-2020 | 61.6% |
Jan-2021 | 62.6% |
Feb-2021 | 63.0% |
Mar-2021 | 63.3% |
Apr-2021 | 65.1% |
May-2021 | 66.5% |
Jun-2021 | 67.2% |
Jul-2021 | 67.7% |
Aug-2021 | 67.9% |
Sep-2021 | 68.4% |
Oct-2021 | 69.1% |
Nov-2021 | 70.1% |
Dec-2021 | 70.5% |
Jan-2022 | 70.8% |
Feb-2022 | 70.6% |
Mar-2022 | 70.8% |
Apr-2022 | 71.6% |
May-2022 | 72.8% |
Jun-2022 | 73.2% |
Jul-2022 | 72.6% |
Aug-2022 | 72.3% |
Sep-2022 | 72.9% |
Oct-2022 | 73.7% |
Nov-2022 | 73.5% |
Dec-2022 | 73.5% |
Jan-2023 | 73.8% |
Feb-2023 | 74.7% |
Mar-2023 | 74.5% |
Apr-2023 | 74.2% |
May-2023 | 74.4% |
Jun-2023 | 74.8% |
Jul-2023 | 74.1% |
Aug-2023 | 73.9% |
Sep-2023 | 73.1% |
Oct-2023 | 72.9% |
Nov-2023 | 71.7% |
Dec-2023 | 70.9% |
Jan-2024 | 71.5% |
Feb-2024 | 72.3% |
Mar-2024 | 73.6% |
Apr-2024 | 72.6% |
May-2024 | 71.6% |
Jun-2024 | 71.1% |
Jul-2024 | 71.2% |
Aug-2024 | 70.9% |
Sep-2024 | 69.7% |
Oct-2024 | 69.5% |
Nov-2024 | 70.8% |
Dec-2024 | 71.5% |
Jan-2025 | 71.4% |
Feb-2025 | 70.3% |
Mar-2025 | 70.6% |

Note: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Flows: Unemployed to Employed (16 Years and Over) [LNS17100000], and Not in Labor Force to Employed (16 years and over) [LNS17200000]. Because of volatility in these data, the line reflects a three month moving averages.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.
Number of workers at each level of unemployment duration, by month, February 2020–March 2025
date | Less than 5 weeks | 5–14 weeks | 15–26 weeks | 27–51 weeks | 52 weeks and over |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feb-20 | 2,088 | 1,780 | 789 | 429 | 681 |
Mar-20 | 3,422 | 1,845 | 784 | 402 | 738 |
Apr-20 | 14,263 | 7,066 | 782 | 418 | 492 |
May-20 | 3,867 | 14,806 | 1,061 | 620 | 527 |
Jun-20 | 2,909 | 11,522 | 1,917 | 697 | 658 |
Jul-20 | 3,140 | 5,145 | 6,468 | 768 | 776 |
Aug-20 | 2,316 | 3,105 | 6,506 | 809 | 823 |
Sep-20 | 2,557 | 2,735 | 4,918 | 1579 | 866 |
Oct-20 | 2,480 | 2,342 | 2,625 | 2798 | 793 |
Nov-20 | 2,491 | 2,440 | 1,886 | 3097 | 827 |
Dec-20 | 2,913 | 2,344 | 1,574 | 3150 | 817 |
Jan-21 | 2,287 | 2,472 | 1,349 | 3106 | 926 |
Feb-21 | 2,197 | 2,212 | 1,380 | 2909 | 1234 |
Mar-21 | 2,177 | 1,972 | 1,395 | 1892 | 2279 |
Apr-21 | 2,411 | 1,986 | 1,240 | 1416 | 2666 |
May-21 | 1,997 | 2,181 | 1,296 | 1061 | 2646 |
Jun-21 | 2,001 | 2,177 | 1,327 | 1073 | 2915 |
Jul-21 | 2,245 | 1,851 | 1,160 | 1001 | 2476 |
Aug-21 | 2,082 | 1,932 | 1,167 | 874 | 2315 |
Sep-21 | 2,249 | 1,728 | 1,001 | 789 | 1925 |
Oct-21 | 2,065 | 1,876 | 974 | 711 | 1660 |
Nov-21 | 1,993 | 1,679 | 884 | 637 | 1544 |
Dec-21 | 1,985 | 1,596 | 794 | 642 | 1351 |
Jan-22 | 2,469 | 1,610 | 850 | 440 | 1216 |
Feb-22 | 2,125 | 1,769 | 736 | 458 | 1231 |
Mar-22 | 2,302 | 1,706 | 614 | 361 | 1019 |
Apr-22 | 2,279 | 1,603 | 628 | 390 | 996 |
May-22 | 2,030 | 1,760 | 741 | 372 | 922 |
Jun-22 | 2,256 | 1,525 | 750 | 470 | 885 |
Jul-22 | 2,084 | 1,858 | 697 | 295 | 825 |
Aug-22 | 2,190 | 1,845 | 808 | 411 | 820 |
Sep-22 | 2,168 | 1,627 | 863 | 439 | 679 |
Oct-22 | 2,204 | 1,803 | 769 | 436 | 778 |
Nov-22 | 2,253 | 1,663 | 795 | 430 | 814 |
Dec-22 | 2,229 | 1,645 | 821 | 428 | 645 |
Jan-23 | 1,941 | 1,796 | 921 | 372 | 715 |
Feb-23 | 2,272 | 1,841 | 814 | 442 | 614 |
Mar-23 | 2,275 | 1,746 | 792 | 405 | 656 |
Apr-23 | 1,869 | 1,915 | 772 | 377 | 702 |
May-23 | 2,079 | 1,869 | 907 | 409 | 733 |
Jun-23 | 2,082 | 1,833 | 895 | 449 | 672 |
Jul-23 | 1,994 | 1,745 | 960 | 503 | 693 |
Aug-23 | 2,198 | 1,931 | 921 | 588 | 781 |
Sep-23 | 2,066 | 2,056 | 1,040 | 486 | 756 |
Oct-23 | 2,285 | 1,835 | 1,031 | 530 | 801 |
Nov-23 | 2,075 | 2,061 | 976 | 547 | 623 |
Dec-23 | 2,204 | 1,794 | 1,072 | 539 | 734 |
Jan-24 | 2,143 | 1,852 | 877 | 542 | 730 |
Feb-24 | 2,339 | 1,942 | 970 | 445 | 768 |
Mar-24 | 2,206 | 1,977 | 980 | 434 | 820 |
Apr-24 | 2,273 | 1,990 | 879 | 558 | 695 |
May-24 | 2,309 | 1,922 | 964 | 540 | 808 |
Jun-24 | 2,130 | 2,108 | 1,066 | 737 | 796 |
Jul-24 | 2,348 | 2,162 | 1,078 | 764 | 779 |
Aug-24 | 2,465 | 2,029 | 1,153 | 696 | 849 |
Sep-24 | 2,139 | 1,987 | 1,133 | 686 | 928 |
Oct-24 | 2,109 | 2,082 | 1,231 | 711 | 897 |
Nov-24 | 2,208 | 2,063 | 1,236 | 729 | 925 |
Dec-24 | 2,156 | 1,997 | 1,207 | 641 | 910 |
Jan-25 | 2,290 | 1,935 | 1,161 | 642 | 801 |
Feb-25 | 2,337 | 2,152 | 1,031 | 606 | 849 |
Mar-25 | 2,362 | 2,146 | 1,006 | 559 | 936 |

Notes: Data are seasonally adjusted. Seasonally adjusted data for Less than 5 weeks, 5-14 weeks, 15-26 weeks, and 27+ weeks are provided by BLS. Seasonally adjusted data are not available for 52+ so we applied the ratio of not-seasonally adjusted 52+ to not-seasonally adjusted 27+ to the seasonally adjusted 27+ to impute a seasonally adjusted 52+. Seasonally adjusted data for 27-51 is estimated as the difference between our estimated 52+ seasonally adjust data and the 27+ seasonally adjusted data.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.
Pandemic Business Cycle Charts
Monthly change in payroll employment, January 2020–February 2025
Date | Change in Employment |
---|---|
Jan-2020 | 236 |
Feb-2020 | 261 |
Mar-2020 | -1397 |
Apr-2020 | -20471 |
May-2020 | 2616 |
Jun-2020 | 4631 |
Jul-2020 | 1584 |
Aug-2020 | 1564 |
Sep-2020 | 951 |
Oct-2020 | 691 |
Nov-2020 | 270 |
Dec-2020 | -183 |
Jan-2021 | 365 |
Feb-2021 | 509 |
Mar-2021 | 824 |
Apr-2021 | 365 |
May-2021 | 421 |
Jun-2021 | 796 |
Jul-2021 | 931 |
Aug-2021 | 487 |
Sep-2021 | 466 |
Oct-2021 | 857 |
Nov-2021 | 637 |
Dec-2021 | 575 |
Jan-2022 | 225 |
Feb-2022 | 869 |
Mar-2022 | 471 |
Apr-2022 | 305 |
May-2022 | 241 |
Jun-2022 | 461 |
Jul-2022 | 696 |
Aug-2022 | 237 |
Sep-2022 | 227 |
Oct-2022 | 400 |
Nov-2022 | 297 |
Dec-2022 | 126 |
Jan-2023 | 444 |
Feb-2023 | 306 |
Mar-2023 | 85 |
Apr-2023 | 216 |
May-2023 | 227 |
Jun-2023 | 257 |
Jul-2023 | 148 |
Aug-2023 | 157 |
Sep-2023 | 158 |
Oct-2023 | 186 |
Nov-2023 | 141 |
Dec-2023 | 269 |
Jan-2024 | 119 |
Feb-2024 | 222 |
Mar-2024 | 246 |
Apr-2024 | 118 |
May-2024 | 193 |
Jun-2024 | 87 |
Jul-2024 | 88 |
Aug-2024 | 71 |
Sep-2024 | 240 |
Oct-2024 | 44 |
Nov-2024 | 261 |
Dec-2024 | 323 |
Jan-2025 | 125 |
Feb-2025 | 151 |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Federal fiscal relief at the scale of the problem led to a faster recovery from the pandemic recession: Private-sector employment change since business cycle peak, December 2007 and February 2020
Months since peak | 2007 | 2020 |
---|---|---|
1 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
2 | 100.0 | 98.9 |
3 | 99.9 | 83.8 |
4 | 99.8 | 86.3 |
5 | 99.6 | 89.8 |
6 | 99.4 | 91.0 |
7 | 99.3 | 91.8 |
8 | 99.1 | 92.6 |
9 | 98.8 | 93.2 |
10 | 98.5 | 93.5 |
11 | 98.0 | 93.4 |
12 | 97.4 | 93.6 |
13 | 96.8 | 94.0 |
14 | 96.1 | 94.6 |
15 | 95.5 | 94.8 |
16 | 94.8 | 95.1 |
17 | 94.1 | 95.7 |
18 | 93.8 | 96.3 |
19 | 93.5 | 96.7 |
20 | 93.2 | 97.1 |
21 | 93.0 | 97.8 |
22 | 92.9 | 98.2 |
23 | 92.7 | 98.7 |
24 | 92.7 | 98.9 |
25 | 92.5 | 99.5 |
26 | 92.5 | 99.9 |
27 | 92.4 | 100.1 |
28 | 92.5 | 100.3 |
29 | 92.7 | 100.6 |
30 | 92.8 | 101.0 |
31 | 92.9 | 101.2 |
32 | 93.0 | 101.4 |
33 | 93.1 | 101.7 |
34 | 93.2 | 101.9 |
35 | 93.4 | 102.0 |
36 | 93.5 | 102.2 |
37 | 93.6 | 102.4 |
38 | 93.6 | 102.4 |
39 | 93.8 | 102.6 |
40 | 94.0 | 102.7 |
41 | 94.3 | 102.8 |
42 | 94.4 | 102.9 |
43 | 94.6 | 103.0 |
44 | 94.8 | 103.1 |
45 | 94.9 | 103.2 |
46 | 95.1 | 103.2 |
47 | 95.3 | 103.4 |
48 | 95.4 | 103.4 |
49 | 95.6 | 103.6 |
50 | 95.9 | 103.7 |
51 | 96.2 | 103.8 |
52 | 96.4 | 103.9 |
53 | 96.4 | 104.0 |
54 | 96.6 | 104.0 |
55 | 96.6 | 104.0 |
56 | 96.7 | 104.2 |
57 | 96.9 | 104.2 |
58 | 97.0 | 104.4 |
59 | 97.2 | 104.6 |
60 | 97.3 | 104.7 |
61 | 97.6 | 104.7 |
62 | 97.7 | 104.9 |
63 | 98.0 | |
64 | 98.1 | |
65 | 98.3 | |
66 | 98.5 | |
67 | 98.6 | |
68 | 98.8 | |
69 | 99.0 | |
70 | 99.1 | |
71 | 99.3 | |
72 | 99.5 | |
73 | 99.6 | |
74 | 99.8 | |
75 | 99.9 | |
76 | 100.1 |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Percent change in payrolls since February 2020, for all private and state and local government employment
date | Total private-sector employment | State and local government employment |
---|---|---|
Feb-2020 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Mar-2020 | -1.1% | -0.2% |
Apr-2020 | -16.2% | -4.8% |
May-2020 | -13.7% | -7.4% |
Jun-2020 | -10.2% | -7.4% |
Jul-2020 | -9.0% | -7.0% |
Aug-2020 | -8.2% | -5.8% |
Sep-2020 | -7.4% | -6.0% |
Oct-2020 | -6.8% | -5.9% |
Nov-2020 | -6.5% | -6.0% |
Dec-2020 | -6.6% | -6.1% |
Jan-2021 | -6.4% | -5.5% |
Feb-2021 | -6.0% | -5.6% |
Mar-2021 | -5.4% | -5.1% |
Apr-2021 | -5.2% | -4.9% |
May-2021 | -4.9% | -4.9% |
Jun-2021 | -4.3% | -4.4% |
Jul-2021 | -3.7% | -4.2% |
Aug-2021 | -3.3% | -3.9% |
Sep-2021 | -2.9% | -4.0% |
Oct-2021 | -2.2% | -4.2% |
Nov-2021 | -1.8% | -4.2% |
Dec-2021 | -1.3% | -4.0% |
Jan-2022 | -1.1% | -4.1% |
Feb-2022 | -0.5% | -4.2% |
Mar-2022 | -0.1% | -4.1% |
Apr-2022 | 0.1% | -3.9% |
May-2022 | 0.3% | -3.8% |
Jun-2022 | 0.6% | -3.6% |
Jul-2022 | 1.0% | -2.9% |
Aug-2022 | 1.2% | -3.0% |
Sep-2022 | 1.4% | -2.9% |
Oct-2022 | 1.7% | -2.8% |
Nov-2022 | 1.9% | -2.5% |
Dec-2022 | 2.0% | -2.5% |
Jan-2023 | 2.2% | -2.0% |
Feb-2023 | 2.4% | -1.7% |
Mar-2023 | 2.4% | -1.6% |
Apr-2023 | 2.6% | -1.4% |
May-2023 | 2.7% | -1.1% |
Jun-2023 | 2.8% | -0.7% |
Jul-2023 | 2.9% | -0.5% |
Aug-2023 | 3.0% | -0.4% |
Sep-2023 | 3.1% | 0.0% |
Oct-2023 | 3.2% | 0.3% |
Nov-2023 | 3.2% | 0.5% |
Dec-2023 | 3.4% | 0.7% |
Jan-2024 | 3.4% | 0.9% |
Feb-2024 | 3.6% | 1.2% |
Mar-2024 | 3.7% | 1.5% |
Apr-2024 | 3.8% | 1.5% |
May-2024 | 3.9% | 1.6% |
Jun-2024 | 4.0% | 1.7% |
Jul-2024 | 4.0% | 2.0% |
Aug-2024 | 4.0% | 2.1% |
Sep-2024 | 4.2% | 2.3% |
Oct-2024 | 4.2% | 2.5% |
Nov-2024 | 4.4% | 2.6% |
Dec-2024 | 4.6% | 2.7% |
Jan-2025 | 4.7% | 2.9% |
Feb-2025 | 4.7% | 2.9% |
Mar-2025 | 4.9% | 3.1% |

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.
Employment change by industry since February 2020: All employees (thousands), seasonally adjusted, March 2025
Industry | Employment change since February 2020 |
---|---|
Health care | 1610 |
Professional and business services | 1106 |
Transportation and warehousing | 1006 |
Social assistance | 750 |
Construction | 703 |
State/Local government | 612 |
Financial activities | 374 |
Wholesale trade | 284 |
Educational services | 198 |
Federal | 143 |
Leisure and hospitality | 102 |
Other services | 102 |
Retail services | 76 |
Utilities | 52 |
Information | 29 |
Manufacturing | 21 |
Mining and logging | -61 |

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.
Longer-term labor market trends
Monthly change in payroll employment, 2007–2025
date | Change in Employment |
---|---|
Jan-2007 | 223 |
Feb-2007 | 86 |
Mar-2007 | 224 |
Apr-2007 | 63 |
May-2007 | 148 |
Jun-2007 | 76 |
Jul-2007 | -25 |
Aug-2007 | -31 |
Sep-2007 | 88 |
Oct-2007 | 76 |
Nov-2007 | 114 |
Dec-2007 | 104 |
Jan-2008 | -4 |
Feb-2008 | -64 |
Mar-2008 | -70 |
Apr-2008 | -219 |
May-2008 | -187 |
Jun-2008 | -153 |
Jul-2008 | -200 |
Aug-2008 | -287 |
Sep-2008 | -449 |
Oct-2008 | -469 |
Nov-2008 | -750 |
Dec-2008 | -696 |
Jan-2009 | -769 |
Feb-2009 | -761 |
Mar-2009 | -825 |
Apr-2009 | -671 |
May-2009 | -353 |
Jun-2009 | -461 |
Jul-2009 | -345 |
Aug-2009 | -190 |
Sep-2009 | -225 |
Oct-2009 | -185 |
Nov-2009 | -4 |
Dec-2009 | -250 |
Jan-2010 | -6 |
Feb-2010 | -97 |
Mar-2010 | 160 |
Apr-2010 | 255 |
May-2010 | 523 |
Jun-2010 | -134 |
Jul-2010 | -94 |
Aug-2010 | 1 |
Sep-2010 | -74 |
Oct-2010 | 279 |
Nov-2010 | 128 |
Dec-2010 | 81 |
Jan-2011 | 7 |
Feb-2011 | 219 |
Mar-2011 | 226 |
Apr-2011 | 315 |
May-2011 | 107 |
Jun-2011 | 227 |
Jul-2011 | 62 |
Aug-2011 | 132 |
Sep-2011 | 219 |
Oct-2011 | 209 |
Nov-2011 | 137 |
Dec-2011 | 198 |
Jan-2012 | 357 |
Feb-2012 | 263 |
Mar-2012 | 240 |
Apr-2012 | 77 |
May-2012 | 108 |
Jun-2012 | 79 |
Jul-2012 | 145 |
Aug-2012 | 181 |
Sep-2012 | 179 |
Oct-2012 | 151 |
Nov-2012 | 157 |
Dec-2012 | 249 |
Jan-2013 | 183 |
Feb-2013 | 288 |
Mar-2013 | 144 |
Apr-2013 | 184 |
May-2013 | 222 |
Jun-2013 | 184 |
Jul-2013 | 112 |
Aug-2013 | 255 |
Sep-2013 | 175 |
Oct-2013 | 220 |
Nov-2013 | 275 |
Dec-2013 | 57 |
Jan-2014 | 188 |
Feb-2014 | 151 |
Mar-2014 | 273 |
Apr-2014 | 312 |
May-2014 | 215 |
Jun-2014 | 337 |
Jul-2014 | 224 |
Aug-2014 | 196 |
Sep-2014 | 294 |
Oct-2014 | 234 |
Nov-2014 | 293 |
Dec-2014 | 274 |
Jan-2015 | 204 |
Feb-2015 | 259 |
Mar-2015 | 96 |
Apr-2015 | 273 |
May-2015 | 342 |
Jun-2015 | 171 |
Jul-2015 | 282 |
Aug-2015 | 134 |
Sep-2015 | 150 |
Oct-2015 | 304 |
Nov-2015 | 229 |
Dec-2015 | 269 |
Jan-2016 | 133 |
Feb-2016 | 197 |
Mar-2016 | 255 |
Apr-2016 | 193 |
May-2016 | 45 |
Jun-2016 | 246 |
Jul-2016 | 374 |
Aug-2016 | 142 |
Sep-2016 | 305 |
Oct-2016 | 99 |
Nov-2016 | 117 |
Dec-2016 | 225 |
Jan-2017 | 220 |
Feb-2017 | 220 |
Mar-2017 | 121 |
Apr-2017 | 205 |
May-2017 | 206 |
Jun-2017 | 203 |
Jul-2017 | 189 |
Aug-2017 | 147 |
Sep-2017 | 88 |
Oct-2017 | 143 |
Nov-2017 | 223 |
Dec-2017 | 150 |
Jan-2018 | 137 |
Feb-2018 | 394 |
Mar-2018 | 226 |
Apr-2018 | 142 |
May-2018 | 318 |
Jun-2018 | 219 |
Jul-2018 | 61 |
Aug-2018 | 259 |
Sep-2018 | 79 |
Oct-2018 | 168 |
Nov-2018 | 91 |
Dec-2018 | 192 |
Jan-2019 | 250 |
Feb-2019 | 6 |
Mar-2019 | 230 |
Apr-2019 | 298 |
May-2019 | 28 |
Jun-2019 | 218 |
Jul-2019 | 97 |
Aug-2019 | 235 |
Sep-2019 | 194 |
Oct-2019 | 95 |
Nov-2019 | 208 |
Dec-2019 | 127 |
Jan-2020 | 236 |
Feb-2020 | 261 |
Mar-2020 | -1397 |
Apr-2020 | -20471 |
May-2020 | 2616 |
Jun-2020 | 4631 |
Jul-2020 | 1584 |
Aug-2020 | 1564 |
Sep-2020 | 951 |
Oct-2020 | 691 |
Nov-2020 | 270 |
Dec-2020 | -183 |
Jan-2021 | 365 |
Feb-2021 | 509 |
Mar-2021 | 824 |
Apr-2021 | 365 |
May-2021 | 421 |
Jun-2021 | 796 |
Jul-2021 | 931 |
Aug-2021 | 487 |
Sep-2021 | 466 |
Oct-2021 | 857 |
Nov-2021 | 637 |
Dec-2021 | 575 |
Jan-2022 | 225 |
Feb-2022 | 869 |
Mar-2022 | 471 |
Apr-2022 | 305 |
May-2022 | 241 |
Jun-2022 | 461 |
Jul-2022 | 696 |
Aug-2022 | 237 |
Sep-2022 | 227 |
Oct-2022 | 400 |
Nov-2022 | 297 |
Dec-2022 | 126 |
Jan-2023 | 444 |
Feb-2023 | 306 |
Mar-2023 | 85 |
Apr-2023 | 216 |
May-2023 | 227 |
Jun-2023 | 257 |
Jul-2023 | 148 |
Aug-2023 | 157 |
Sep-2023 | 158 |
Oct-2023 | 186 |
Nov-2023 | 141 |
Dec-2023 | 269 |
Jan-2024 | 119 |
Feb-2024 | 222 |
Mar-2024 | 246 |
Apr-2024 | 118 |
May-2024 | 193 |
Jun-2024 | 87 |
Jul-2024 | 88 |
Aug-2024 | 71 |
Sep-2024 | 240 |
Oct-2024 | 44 |
Nov-2024 | 261 |
Dec-2024 | 323 |
Jan-2025 | 111 |
Feb-2025 | 117 |
Mar-2025 | 228 |

Note: Shaded areas denote recessions.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Unemployment rate, 1948–2025
date | Unemployment Rate |
---|---|
Jan-1948 | 3.4% |
Feb-1948 | 3.8% |
Mar-1948 | 4.0% |
Apr-1948 | 3.9% |
May-1948 | 3.5% |
Jun-1948 | 3.6% |
Jul-1948 | 3.6% |
Aug-1948 | 3.9% |
Sep-1948 | 3.8% |
Oct-1948 | 3.7% |
Nov-1948 | 3.8% |
Dec-1948 | 4.0% |
Jan-1949 | 4.3% |
Feb-1949 | 4.7% |
Mar-1949 | 5.0% |
Apr-1949 | 5.3% |
May-1949 | 6.1% |
Jun-1949 | 6.2% |
Jul-1949 | 6.7% |
Aug-1949 | 6.8% |
Sep-1949 | 6.6% |
Oct-1949 | 7.9% |
Nov-1949 | 6.4% |
Dec-1949 | 6.6% |
Jan-1950 | 6.5% |
Feb-1950 | 6.4% |
Mar-1950 | 6.3% |
Apr-1950 | 5.8% |
May-1950 | 5.5% |
Jun-1950 | 5.4% |
Jul-1950 | 5.0% |
Aug-1950 | 4.5% |
Sep-1950 | 4.4% |
Oct-1950 | 4.2% |
Nov-1950 | 4.2% |
Dec-1950 | 4.3% |
Jan-1951 | 3.7% |
Feb-1951 | 3.4% |
Mar-1951 | 3.4% |
Apr-1951 | 3.1% |
May-1951 | 3.0% |
Jun-1951 | 3.2% |
Jul-1951 | 3.1% |
Aug-1951 | 3.1% |
Sep-1951 | 3.3% |
Oct-1951 | 3.5% |
Nov-1951 | 3.5% |
Dec-1951 | 3.1% |
Jan-1952 | 3.2% |
Feb-1952 | 3.1% |
Mar-1952 | 2.9% |
Apr-1952 | 2.9% |
May-1952 | 3.0% |
Jun-1952 | 3.0% |
Jul-1952 | 3.2% |
Aug-1952 | 3.4% |
Sep-1952 | 3.1% |
Oct-1952 | 3.0% |
Nov-1952 | 2.8% |
Dec-1952 | 2.7% |
Jan-1953 | 2.9% |
Feb-1953 | 2.6% |
Mar-1953 | 2.6% |
Apr-1953 | 2.7% |
May-1953 | 2.5% |
Jun-1953 | 2.5% |
Jul-1953 | 2.6% |
Aug-1953 | 2.7% |
Sep-1953 | 2.9% |
Oct-1953 | 3.1% |
Nov-1953 | 3.5% |
Dec-1953 | 4.5% |
Jan-1954 | 4.9% |
Feb-1954 | 5.2% |
Mar-1954 | 5.7% |
Apr-1954 | 5.9% |
May-1954 | 5.9% |
Jun-1954 | 5.6% |
Jul-1954 | 5.8% |
Aug-1954 | 6.0% |
Sep-1954 | 6.1% |
Oct-1954 | 5.7% |
Nov-1954 | 5.3% |
Dec-1954 | 5.0% |
Jan-1955 | 4.9% |
Feb-1955 | 4.7% |
Mar-1955 | 4.6% |
Apr-1955 | 4.7% |
May-1955 | 4.3% |
Jun-1955 | 4.2% |
Jul-1955 | 4.0% |
Aug-1955 | 4.2% |
Sep-1955 | 4.1% |
Oct-1955 | 4.3% |
Nov-1955 | 4.2% |
Dec-1955 | 4.2% |
Jan-1956 | 4.0% |
Feb-1956 | 3.9% |
Mar-1956 | 4.2% |
Apr-1956 | 4.0% |
May-1956 | 4.3% |
Jun-1956 | 4.3% |
Jul-1956 | 4.4% |
Aug-1956 | 4.1% |
Sep-1956 | 3.9% |
Oct-1956 | 3.9% |
Nov-1956 | 4.3% |
Dec-1956 | 4.2% |
Jan-1957 | 4.2% |
Feb-1957 | 3.9% |
Mar-1957 | 3.7% |
Apr-1957 | 3.9% |
May-1957 | 4.1% |
Jun-1957 | 4.3% |
Jul-1957 | 4.2% |
Aug-1957 | 4.1% |
Sep-1957 | 4.4% |
Oct-1957 | 4.5% |
Nov-1957 | 5.1% |
Dec-1957 | 5.2% |
Jan-1958 | 5.8% |
Feb-1958 | 6.4% |
Mar-1958 | 6.7% |
Apr-1958 | 7.4% |
May-1958 | 7.4% |
Jun-1958 | 7.3% |
Jul-1958 | 7.5% |
Aug-1958 | 7.4% |
Sep-1958 | 7.1% |
Oct-1958 | 6.7% |
Nov-1958 | 6.2% |
Dec-1958 | 6.2% |
Jan-1959 | 6.0% |
Feb-1959 | 5.9% |
Mar-1959 | 5.6% |
Apr-1959 | 5.2% |
May-1959 | 5.1% |
Jun-1959 | 5.0% |
Jul-1959 | 5.1% |
Aug-1959 | 5.2% |
Sep-1959 | 5.5% |
Oct-1959 | 5.7% |
Nov-1959 | 5.8% |
Dec-1959 | 5.3% |
Jan-1960 | 5.2% |
Feb-1960 | 4.8% |
Mar-1960 | 5.4% |
Apr-1960 | 5.2% |
May-1960 | 5.1% |
Jun-1960 | 5.4% |
Jul-1960 | 5.5% |
Aug-1960 | 5.6% |
Sep-1960 | 5.5% |
Oct-1960 | 6.1% |
Nov-1960 | 6.1% |
Dec-1960 | 6.6% |
Jan-1961 | 6.6% |
Feb-1961 | 6.9% |
Mar-1961 | 6.9% |
Apr-1961 | 7.0% |
May-1961 | 7.1% |
Jun-1961 | 6.9% |
Jul-1961 | 7.0% |
Aug-1961 | 6.6% |
Sep-1961 | 6.7% |
Oct-1961 | 6.5% |
Nov-1961 | 6.1% |
Dec-1961 | 6.0% |
Jan-1962 | 5.8% |
Feb-1962 | 5.5% |
Mar-1962 | 5.6% |
Apr-1962 | 5.6% |
May-1962 | 5.5% |
Jun-1962 | 5.5% |
Jul-1962 | 5.4% |
Aug-1962 | 5.7% |
Sep-1962 | 5.6% |
Oct-1962 | 5.4% |
Nov-1962 | 5.7% |
Dec-1962 | 5.5% |
Jan-1963 | 5.7% |
Feb-1963 | 5.9% |
Mar-1963 | 5.7% |
Apr-1963 | 5.7% |
May-1963 | 5.9% |
Jun-1963 | 5.6% |
Jul-1963 | 5.6% |
Aug-1963 | 5.4% |
Sep-1963 | 5.5% |
Oct-1963 | 5.5% |
Nov-1963 | 5.7% |
Dec-1963 | 5.5% |
Jan-1964 | 5.6% |
Feb-1964 | 5.4% |
Mar-1964 | 5.4% |
Apr-1964 | 5.3% |
May-1964 | 5.1% |
Jun-1964 | 5.2% |
Jul-1964 | 4.9% |
Aug-1964 | 5.0% |
Sep-1964 | 5.1% |
Oct-1964 | 5.1% |
Nov-1964 | 4.8% |
Dec-1964 | 5.0% |
Jan-1965 | 4.9% |
Feb-1965 | 5.1% |
Mar-1965 | 4.7% |
Apr-1965 | 4.8% |
May-1965 | 4.6% |
Jun-1965 | 4.6% |
Jul-1965 | 4.4% |
Aug-1965 | 4.4% |
Sep-1965 | 4.3% |
Oct-1965 | 4.2% |
Nov-1965 | 4.1% |
Dec-1965 | 4.0% |
Jan-1966 | 4.0% |
Feb-1966 | 3.8% |
Mar-1966 | 3.8% |
Apr-1966 | 3.8% |
May-1966 | 3.9% |
Jun-1966 | 3.8% |
Jul-1966 | 3.8% |
Aug-1966 | 3.8% |
Sep-1966 | 3.7% |
Oct-1966 | 3.7% |
Nov-1966 | 3.6% |
Dec-1966 | 3.8% |
Jan-1967 | 3.9% |
Feb-1967 | 3.8% |
Mar-1967 | 3.8% |
Apr-1967 | 3.8% |
May-1967 | 3.8% |
Jun-1967 | 3.9% |
Jul-1967 | 3.8% |
Aug-1967 | 3.8% |
Sep-1967 | 3.8% |
Oct-1967 | 4.0% |
Nov-1967 | 3.9% |
Dec-1967 | 3.8% |
Jan-1968 | 3.7% |
Feb-1968 | 3.8% |
Mar-1968 | 3.7% |
Apr-1968 | 3.5% |
May-1968 | 3.5% |
Jun-1968 | 3.7% |
Jul-1968 | 3.7% |
Aug-1968 | 3.5% |
Sep-1968 | 3.4% |
Oct-1968 | 3.4% |
Nov-1968 | 3.4% |
Dec-1968 | 3.4% |
Jan-1969 | 3.4% |
Feb-1969 | 3.4% |
Mar-1969 | 3.4% |
Apr-1969 | 3.4% |
May-1969 | 3.4% |
Jun-1969 | 3.5% |
Jul-1969 | 3.5% |
Aug-1969 | 3.5% |
Sep-1969 | 3.7% |
Oct-1969 | 3.7% |
Nov-1969 | 3.5% |
Dec-1969 | 3.5% |
Jan-1970 | 3.9% |
Feb-1970 | 4.2% |
Mar-1970 | 4.4% |
Apr-1970 | 4.6% |
May-1970 | 4.8% |
Jun-1970 | 4.9% |
Jul-1970 | 5.0% |
Aug-1970 | 5.1% |
Sep-1970 | 5.4% |
Oct-1970 | 5.5% |
Nov-1970 | 5.9% |
Dec-1970 | 6.1% |
Jan-1971 | 5.9% |
Feb-1971 | 5.9% |
Mar-1971 | 6.0% |
Apr-1971 | 5.9% |
May-1971 | 5.9% |
Jun-1971 | 5.9% |
Jul-1971 | 6.0% |
Aug-1971 | 6.1% |
Sep-1971 | 6.0% |
Oct-1971 | 5.8% |
Nov-1971 | 6.0% |
Dec-1971 | 6.0% |
Jan-1972 | 5.8% |
Feb-1972 | 5.7% |
Mar-1972 | 5.8% |
Apr-1972 | 5.7% |
May-1972 | 5.7% |
Jun-1972 | 5.7% |
Jul-1972 | 5.6% |
Aug-1972 | 5.6% |
Sep-1972 | 5.5% |
Oct-1972 | 5.6% |
Nov-1972 | 5.3% |
Dec-1972 | 5.2% |
Jan-1973 | 4.9% |
Feb-1973 | 5.0% |
Mar-1973 | 4.9% |
Apr-1973 | 5.0% |
May-1973 | 4.9% |
Jun-1973 | 4.9% |
Jul-1973 | 4.8% |
Aug-1973 | 4.8% |
Sep-1973 | 4.8% |
Oct-1973 | 4.6% |
Nov-1973 | 4.8% |
Dec-1973 | 4.9% |
Jan-1974 | 5.1% |
Feb-1974 | 5.2% |
Mar-1974 | 5.1% |
Apr-1974 | 5.1% |
May-1974 | 5.1% |
Jun-1974 | 5.4% |
Jul-1974 | 5.5% |
Aug-1974 | 5.5% |
Sep-1974 | 5.9% |
Oct-1974 | 6.0% |
Nov-1974 | 6.6% |
Dec-1974 | 7.2% |
Jan-1975 | 8.1% |
Feb-1975 | 8.1% |
Mar-1975 | 8.6% |
Apr-1975 | 8.8% |
May-1975 | 9.0% |
Jun-1975 | 8.8% |
Jul-1975 | 8.6% |
Aug-1975 | 8.4% |
Sep-1975 | 8.4% |
Oct-1975 | 8.4% |
Nov-1975 | 8.3% |
Dec-1975 | 8.2% |
Jan-1976 | 7.9% |
Feb-1976 | 7.7% |
Mar-1976 | 7.6% |
Apr-1976 | 7.7% |
May-1976 | 7.4% |
Jun-1976 | 7.6% |
Jul-1976 | 7.8% |
Aug-1976 | 7.8% |
Sep-1976 | 7.6% |
Oct-1976 | 7.7% |
Nov-1976 | 7.8% |
Dec-1976 | 7.8% |
Jan-1977 | 7.5% |
Feb-1977 | 7.6% |
Mar-1977 | 7.4% |
Apr-1977 | 7.2% |
May-1977 | 7.0% |
Jun-1977 | 7.2% |
Jul-1977 | 6.9% |
Aug-1977 | 7.0% |
Sep-1977 | 6.8% |
Oct-1977 | 6.8% |
Nov-1977 | 6.8% |
Dec-1977 | 6.4% |
Jan-1978 | 6.4% |
Feb-1978 | 6.3% |
Mar-1978 | 6.3% |
Apr-1978 | 6.1% |
May-1978 | 6.0% |
Jun-1978 | 5.9% |
Jul-1978 | 6.2% |
Aug-1978 | 5.9% |
Sep-1978 | 6.0% |
Oct-1978 | 5.8% |
Nov-1978 | 5.9% |
Dec-1978 | 6.0% |
Jan-1979 | 5.9% |
Feb-1979 | 5.9% |
Mar-1979 | 5.8% |
Apr-1979 | 5.8% |
May-1979 | 5.6% |
Jun-1979 | 5.7% |
Jul-1979 | 5.7% |
Aug-1979 | 6.0% |
Sep-1979 | 5.9% |
Oct-1979 | 6.0% |
Nov-1979 | 5.9% |
Dec-1979 | 6.0% |
Jan-1980 | 6.3% |
Feb-1980 | 6.3% |
Mar-1980 | 6.3% |
Apr-1980 | 6.9% |
May-1980 | 7.5% |
Jun-1980 | 7.6% |
Jul-1980 | 7.8% |
Aug-1980 | 7.7% |
Sep-1980 | 7.5% |
Oct-1980 | 7.5% |
Nov-1980 | 7.5% |
Dec-1980 | 7.2% |
Jan-1981 | 7.5% |
Feb-1981 | 7.4% |
Mar-1981 | 7.4% |
Apr-1981 | 7.2% |
May-1981 | 7.5% |
Jun-1981 | 7.5% |
Jul-1981 | 7.2% |
Aug-1981 | 7.4% |
Sep-1981 | 7.6% |
Oct-1981 | 7.9% |
Nov-1981 | 8.3% |
Dec-1981 | 8.5% |
Jan-1982 | 8.6% |
Feb-1982 | 8.9% |
Mar-1982 | 9.0% |
Apr-1982 | 9.3% |
May-1982 | 9.4% |
Jun-1982 | 9.6% |
Jul-1982 | 9.8% |
Aug-1982 | 9.8% |
Sep-1982 | 10.1% |
Oct-1982 | 10.4% |
Nov-1982 | 10.8% |
Dec-1982 | 10.8% |
Jan-1983 | 10.4% |
Feb-1983 | 10.4% |
Mar-1983 | 10.3% |
Apr-1983 | 10.2% |
May-1983 | 10.1% |
Jun-1983 | 10.1% |
Jul-1983 | 9.4% |
Aug-1983 | 9.5% |
Sep-1983 | 9.2% |
Oct-1983 | 8.8% |
Nov-1983 | 8.5% |
Dec-1983 | 8.3% |
Jan-1984 | 8.0% |
Feb-1984 | 7.8% |
Mar-1984 | 7.8% |
Apr-1984 | 7.7% |
May-1984 | 7.4% |
Jun-1984 | 7.2% |
Jul-1984 | 7.5% |
Aug-1984 | 7.5% |
Sep-1984 | 7.3% |
Oct-1984 | 7.4% |
Nov-1984 | 7.2% |
Dec-1984 | 7.3% |
Jan-1985 | 7.3% |
Feb-1985 | 7.2% |
Mar-1985 | 7.2% |
Apr-1985 | 7.3% |
May-1985 | 7.2% |
Jun-1985 | 7.4% |
Jul-1985 | 7.4% |
Aug-1985 | 7.1% |
Sep-1985 | 7.1% |
Oct-1985 | 7.1% |
Nov-1985 | 7.0% |
Dec-1985 | 7.0% |
Jan-1986 | 6.7% |
Feb-1986 | 7.2% |
Mar-1986 | 7.2% |
Apr-1986 | 7.1% |
May-1986 | 7.2% |
Jun-1986 | 7.2% |
Jul-1986 | 7.0% |
Aug-1986 | 6.9% |
Sep-1986 | 7.0% |
Oct-1986 | 7.0% |
Nov-1986 | 6.9% |
Dec-1986 | 6.6% |
Jan-1987 | 6.6% |
Feb-1987 | 6.6% |
Mar-1987 | 6.6% |
Apr-1987 | 6.3% |
May-1987 | 6.3% |
Jun-1987 | 6.2% |
Jul-1987 | 6.1% |
Aug-1987 | 6.0% |
Sep-1987 | 5.9% |
Oct-1987 | 6.0% |
Nov-1987 | 5.8% |
Dec-1987 | 5.7% |
Jan-1988 | 5.7% |
Feb-1988 | 5.7% |
Mar-1988 | 5.7% |
Apr-1988 | 5.4% |
May-1988 | 5.6% |
Jun-1988 | 5.4% |
Jul-1988 | 5.4% |
Aug-1988 | 5.6% |
Sep-1988 | 5.4% |
Oct-1988 | 5.4% |
Nov-1988 | 5.3% |
Dec-1988 | 5.3% |
Jan-1989 | 5.4% |
Feb-1989 | 5.2% |
Mar-1989 | 5.0% |
Apr-1989 | 5.2% |
May-1989 | 5.2% |
Jun-1989 | 5.3% |
Jul-1989 | 5.2% |
Aug-1989 | 5.2% |
Sep-1989 | 5.3% |
Oct-1989 | 5.3% |
Nov-1989 | 5.4% |
Dec-1989 | 5.4% |
Jan-1990 | 5.4% |
Feb-1990 | 5.3% |
Mar-1990 | 5.2% |
Apr-1990 | 5.4% |
May-1990 | 5.4% |
Jun-1990 | 5.2% |
Jul-1990 | 5.5% |
Aug-1990 | 5.7% |
Sep-1990 | 5.9% |
Oct-1990 | 5.9% |
Nov-1990 | 6.2% |
Dec-1990 | 6.3% |
Jan-1991 | 6.4% |
Feb-1991 | 6.6% |
Mar-1991 | 6.8% |
Apr-1991 | 6.7% |
May-1991 | 6.9% |
Jun-1991 | 6.9% |
Jul-1991 | 6.8% |
Aug-1991 | 6.9% |
Sep-1991 | 6.9% |
Oct-1991 | 7.0% |
Nov-1991 | 7.0% |
Dec-1991 | 7.3% |
Jan-1992 | 7.3% |
Feb-1992 | 7.4% |
Mar-1992 | 7.4% |
Apr-1992 | 7.4% |
May-1992 | 7.6% |
Jun-1992 | 7.8% |
Jul-1992 | 7.7% |
Aug-1992 | 7.6% |
Sep-1992 | 7.6% |
Oct-1992 | 7.3% |
Nov-1992 | 7.4% |
Dec-1992 | 7.4% |
Jan-1993 | 7.3% |
Feb-1993 | 7.1% |
Mar-1993 | 7.0% |
Apr-1993 | 7.1% |
May-1993 | 7.1% |
Jun-1993 | 7.0% |
Jul-1993 | 6.9% |
Aug-1993 | 6.8% |
Sep-1993 | 6.7% |
Oct-1993 | 6.8% |
Nov-1993 | 6.6% |
Dec-1993 | 6.5% |
Jan-1994 | 6.6% |
Feb-1994 | 6.6% |
Mar-1994 | 6.5% |
Apr-1994 | 6.4% |
May-1994 | 6.1% |
Jun-1994 | 6.1% |
Jul-1994 | 6.1% |
Aug-1994 | 6.0% |
Sep-1994 | 5.9% |
Oct-1994 | 5.8% |
Nov-1994 | 5.6% |
Dec-1994 | 5.5% |
Jan-1995 | 5.6% |
Feb-1995 | 5.4% |
Mar-1995 | 5.4% |
Apr-1995 | 5.8% |
May-1995 | 5.6% |
Jun-1995 | 5.6% |
Jul-1995 | 5.7% |
Aug-1995 | 5.7% |
Sep-1995 | 5.6% |
Oct-1995 | 5.5% |
Nov-1995 | 5.6% |
Dec-1995 | 5.6% |
Jan-1996 | 5.6% |
Feb-1996 | 5.5% |
Mar-1996 | 5.5% |
Apr-1996 | 5.6% |
May-1996 | 5.6% |
Jun-1996 | 5.3% |
Jul-1996 | 5.5% |
Aug-1996 | 5.1% |
Sep-1996 | 5.2% |
Oct-1996 | 5.2% |
Nov-1996 | 5.4% |
Dec-1996 | 5.4% |
Jan-1997 | 5.3% |
Feb-1997 | 5.2% |
Mar-1997 | 5.2% |
Apr-1997 | 5.1% |
May-1997 | 4.9% |
Jun-1997 | 5.0% |
Jul-1997 | 4.9% |
Aug-1997 | 4.8% |
Sep-1997 | 4.9% |
Oct-1997 | 4.7% |
Nov-1997 | 4.6% |
Dec-1997 | 4.7% |
Jan-1998 | 4.6% |
Feb-1998 | 4.6% |
Mar-1998 | 4.7% |
Apr-1998 | 4.3% |
May-1998 | 4.4% |
Jun-1998 | 4.5% |
Jul-1998 | 4.5% |
Aug-1998 | 4.5% |
Sep-1998 | 4.6% |
Oct-1998 | 4.5% |
Nov-1998 | 4.4% |
Dec-1998 | 4.4% |
Jan-1999 | 4.3% |
Feb-1999 | 4.4% |
Mar-1999 | 4.2% |
Apr-1999 | 4.3% |
May-1999 | 4.2% |
Jun-1999 | 4.3% |
Jul-1999 | 4.3% |
Aug-1999 | 4.2% |
Sep-1999 | 4.2% |
Oct-1999 | 4.1% |
Nov-1999 | 4.1% |
Dec-1999 | 4.0% |
Jan-2000 | 4.0% |
Feb-2000 | 4.1% |
Mar-2000 | 4.0% |
Apr-2000 | 3.8% |
May-2000 | 4.0% |
Jun-2000 | 4.0% |
Jul-2000 | 4.0% |
Aug-2000 | 4.1% |
Sep-2000 | 3.9% |
Oct-2000 | 3.9% |
Nov-2000 | 3.9% |
Dec-2000 | 3.9% |
Jan-2001 | 4.2% |
Feb-2001 | 4.2% |
Mar-2001 | 4.3% |
Apr-2001 | 4.4% |
May-2001 | 4.3% |
Jun-2001 | 4.5% |
Jul-2001 | 4.6% |
Aug-2001 | 4.9% |
Sep-2001 | 5.0% |
Oct-2001 | 5.3% |
Nov-2001 | 5.5% |
Dec-2001 | 5.7% |
Jan-2002 | 5.7% |
Feb-2002 | 5.7% |
Mar-2002 | 5.7% |
Apr-2002 | 5.9% |
May-2002 | 5.8% |
Jun-2002 | 5.8% |
Jul-2002 | 5.8% |
Aug-2002 | 5.7% |
Sep-2002 | 5.7% |
Oct-2002 | 5.7% |
Nov-2002 | 5.9% |
Dec-2002 | 6.0% |
Jan-2003 | 5.8% |
Feb-2003 | 5.9% |
Mar-2003 | 5.9% |
Apr-2003 | 6.0% |
May-2003 | 6.1% |
Jun-2003 | 6.3% |
Jul-2003 | 6.2% |
Aug-2003 | 6.1% |
Sep-2003 | 6.1% |
Oct-2003 | 6.0% |
Nov-2003 | 5.8% |
Dec-2003 | 5.7% |
Jan-2004 | 5.7% |
Feb-2004 | 5.6% |
Mar-2004 | 5.8% |
Apr-2004 | 5.6% |
May-2004 | 5.6% |
Jun-2004 | 5.6% |
Jul-2004 | 5.5% |
Aug-2004 | 5.4% |
Sep-2004 | 5.4% |
Oct-2004 | 5.5% |
Nov-2004 | 5.4% |
Dec-2004 | 5.4% |
Jan-2005 | 5.3% |
Feb-2005 | 5.4% |
Mar-2005 | 5.2% |
Apr-2005 | 5.2% |
May-2005 | 5.1% |
Jun-2005 | 5.0% |
Jul-2005 | 5.0% |
Aug-2005 | 4.9% |
Sep-2005 | 5.0% |
Oct-2005 | 5.0% |
Nov-2005 | 5.0% |
Dec-2005 | 4.9% |
Jan-2006 | 4.7% |
Feb-2006 | 4.8% |
Mar-2006 | 4.7% |
Apr-2006 | 4.7% |
May-2006 | 4.6% |
Jun-2006 | 4.6% |
Jul-2006 | 4.7% |
Aug-2006 | 4.7% |
Sep-2006 | 4.5% |
Oct-2006 | 4.4% |
Nov-2006 | 4.5% |
Dec-2006 | 4.4% |
Jan-2007 | 4.6% |
Feb-2007 | 4.5% |
Mar-2007 | 4.4% |
Apr-2007 | 4.5% |
May-2007 | 4.4% |
Jun-2007 | 4.6% |
Jul-2007 | 4.7% |
Aug-2007 | 4.6% |
Sep-2007 | 4.7% |
Oct-2007 | 4.7% |
Nov-2007 | 4.7% |
Dec-2007 | 5.0% |
Jan-2008 | 5.0% |
Feb-2008 | 4.9% |
Mar-2008 | 5.1% |
Apr-2008 | 5.0% |
May-2008 | 5.4% |
Jun-2008 | 5.6% |
Jul-2008 | 5.8% |
Aug-2008 | 6.1% |
Sep-2008 | 6.1% |
Oct-2008 | 6.5% |
Nov-2008 | 6.8% |
Dec-2008 | 7.3% |
Jan-2009 | 7.8% |
Feb-2009 | 8.3% |
Mar-2009 | 8.7% |
Apr-2009 | 9.0% |
May-2009 | 9.4% |
Jun-2009 | 9.5% |
Jul-2009 | 9.5% |
Aug-2009 | 9.6% |
Sep-2009 | 9.8% |
Oct-2009 | 10.0% |
Nov-2009 | 9.9% |
Dec-2009 | 9.9% |
Jan-2010 | 9.8% |
Feb-2010 | 9.8% |
Mar-2010 | 9.9% |
Apr-2010 | 9.9% |
May-2010 | 9.6% |
Jun-2010 | 9.4% |
Jul-2010 | 9.4% |
Aug-2010 | 9.5% |
Sep-2010 | 9.5% |
Oct-2010 | 9.4% |
Nov-2010 | 9.8% |
Dec-2010 | 9.3% |
Jan-2011 | 9.1% |
Feb-2011 | 9.0% |
Mar-2011 | 9.0% |
Apr-2011 | 9.1% |
May-2011 | 9.0% |
Jun-2011 | 9.1% |
Jul-2011 | 9.0% |
Aug-2011 | 9.0% |
Sep-2011 | 9.0% |
Oct-2011 | 8.8% |
Nov-2011 | 8.6% |
Dec-2011 | 8.5% |
Jan-2012 | 8.3% |
Feb-2012 | 8.3% |
Mar-2012 | 8.2% |
Apr-2012 | 8.2% |
May-2012 | 8.2% |
Jun-2012 | 8.2% |
Jul-2012 | 8.2% |
Aug-2012 | 8.1% |
Sep-2012 | 7.8% |
Oct-2012 | 7.8% |
Nov-2012 | 7.7% |
Dec-2012 | 7.9% |
Jan-2013 | 8.0% |
Feb-2013 | 7.7% |
Mar-2013 | 7.5% |
Apr-2013 | 7.6% |
May-2013 | 7.5% |
Jun-2013 | 7.5% |
Jul-2013 | 7.3% |
Aug-2013 | 7.2% |
Sep-2013 | 7.2% |
Oct-2013 | 7.2% |
Nov-2013 | 6.9% |
Dec-2013 | 6.7% |
Jan-2014 | 6.6% |
Feb-2014 | 6.7% |
Mar-2014 | 6.7% |
Apr-2014 | 6.2% |
May-2014 | 6.3% |
Jun-2014 | 6.1% |
Jul-2014 | 6.2% |
Aug-2014 | 6.1% |
Sep-2014 | 5.9% |
Oct-2014 | 5.7% |
Nov-2014 | 5.8% |
Dec-2014 | 5.6% |
Jan-2015 | 5.7% |
Feb-2015 | 5.5% |
Mar-2015 | 5.4% |
Apr-2015 | 5.4% |
May-2015 | 5.6% |
Jun-2015 | 5.3% |
Jul-2015 | 5.2% |
Aug-2015 | 5.1% |
Sep-2015 | 5.0% |
Oct-2015 | 5.0% |
Nov-2015 | 5.1% |
Dec-2015 | 5.0% |
Jan-2016 | 4.8% |
Feb-2016 | 4.9% |
Mar-2016 | 5.0% |
Apr-2016 | 5.1% |
May-2016 | 4.8% |
Jun-2016 | 4.9% |
Jul-2016 | 4.8% |
Aug-2016 | 4.9% |
Sep-2016 | 5.0% |
Oct-2016 | 4.9% |
Nov-2016 | 4.7% |
Dec-2016 | 4.7% |
Jan-2017 | 4.7% |
Feb-2017 | 4.6% |
Mar-2017 | 4.4% |
Apr-2017 | 4.4% |
May-2017 | 4.4% |
Jun-2017 | 4.3% |
Jul-2017 | 4.3% |
Aug-2017 | 4.4% |
Sep-2017 | 4.3% |
Oct-2017 | 4.2% |
Nov-2017 | 4.2% |
Dec-2017 | 4.1% |
Jan-2018 | 4.0% |
Feb-2018 | 4.1% |
Mar-2018 | 4.0% |
Apr-2018 | 4.0% |
May-2018 | 3.8% |
Jun-2018 | 4.0% |
Jul-2018 | 3.8% |
Aug-2018 | 3.8% |
Sep-2018 | 3.7% |
Oct-2018 | 3.8% |
Nov-2018 | 3.8% |
Dec-2018 | 3.9% |
Jan-2019 | 4.0% |
Feb-2019 | 3.8% |
Mar-2019 | 3.8% |
Apr-2019 | 3.7% |
May-2019 | 3.6% |
Jun-2019 | 3.6% |
Jul-2019 | 3.7% |
Aug-2019 | 3.6% |
Sep-2019 | 3.5% |
Oct-2019 | 3.6% |
Nov-2019 | 3.6% |
Dec-2019 | 3.6% |
Jan-2020 | 3.6% |
Feb-2020 | 3.5% |
Mar-2020 | 4.4% |
Apr-2020 | 14.8% |
May-2020 | 13.2% |
Jun-2020 | 11.0% |
Jul-2020 | 10.2% |
Aug-2020 | 8.4% |
Sep-2020 | 7.8% |
Oct-2020 | 6.9% |
Nov-2020 | 6.7% |
Dec-2020 | 6.7% |
Jan-2021 | 6.4% |
Feb-2021 | 6.2% |
Mar-2021 | 6.1% |
Apr-2021 | 6.1% |
May-2021 | 5.8% |
Jun-2021 | 5.9% |
Jul-2021 | 5.4% |
Aug-2021 | 5.1% |
Sep-2021 | 4.7% |
Oct-2021 | 4.5% |
Nov-2021 | 4.2% |
Dec-2021 | 3.9% |
Jan-2022 | 4.0% |
Feb-2022 | 3.8% |
Mar-2022 | 3.7% |
Apr-2022 | 3.7% |
May-2022 | 3.6% |
Jun-2022 | 3.6% |
Jul-2022 | 3.5% |
Aug-2022 | 3.6% |
Sep-2022 | 3.5% |
Oct-2022 | 3.6% |
Nov-2022 | 3.6% |
Dec-2022 | 3.5% |
Jan-2023 | 3.5% |
Feb-2023 | 3.6% |
Mar-2023 | 3.5% |
Apr-2023 | 3.4% |
May-2023 | 3.6% |
Jun-2023 | 3.6% |
Jul-2023 | 3.5% |
Aug-2023 | 3.7% |
Sep-2023 | 3.8% |
Oct-2023 | 3.9% |
Nov-2023 | 3.7% |
Dec-2023 | 3.8% |
Jan-2024 | 3.7% |
Feb-2024 | 3.9% |
Mar-2024 | 3.9% |
Apr-2024 | 3.9% |
May-2024 | 4.0% |
Jun-2024 | 4.1% |
Jul-2024 | 4.2% |
Aug-2024 | 4.2% |
Sep-2024 | 4.1% |
Oct-2024 | 4.1% |
Nov-2024 | 4.2% |
Dec-2024 | 4.1% |
Jan-2025 | 4.0% |
Feb-2025 | 4.1% |
Mar-2025 | 4.2% |

Note: Shaded areas denote recessions.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey.
Unemployment rate of workers age 16 and older by race and ethnicity, 1995–2025
Date | White | Black | Hispanic | AAPI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan-1995 | 4.8 | 10.3 | 10.2 | |
Feb-1995 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 9 | |
Mar-1995 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 8.9 | |
Apr-1995 | 5 | 10.7 | 8.9 | |
May-1995 | 5 | 10 | 9.8 | |
Jun-1995 | 4.9 | 10.7 | 9.1 | |
Jul-1995 | 4.9 | 10.9 | 8.8 | |
Aug-1995 | 4.9 | 11.1 | 9.6 | |
Sep-1995 | 4.9 | 11.1 | 9.1 | |
Oct-1995 | 4.9 | 10 | 9.4 | |
Nov-1995 | 5 | 9.7 | 9.5 | |
Dec-1995 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 9.3 | |
Jan-1996 | 4.9 | 10.6 | 9.4 | |
Feb-1996 | 4.8 | 10 | 9.6 | |
Mar-1996 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 9.6 | |
Apr-1996 | 4.8 | 10.7 | 9.6 | |
May-1996 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 9.6 | |
Jun-1996 | 4.6 | 10.4 | 8.8 | |
Jul-1996 | 4.7 | 10.6 | 8.8 | |
Aug-1996 | 4.4 | 10.6 | 8.8 | |
Sep-1996 | 4.5 | 10.6 | 8.2 | |
Oct-1996 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 8 | |
Nov-1996 | 4.6 | 10.6 | 8.5 | |
Dec-1996 | 4.6 | 10.5 | 7.4 | |
Jan-1997 | 4.5 | 10.8 | 8.4 | |
Feb-1997 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 8.2 | |
Mar-1997 | 4.4 | 10.5 | 8.3 | |
Apr-1997 | 4.3 | 10.2 | 8.2 | |
May-1997 | 4.1 | 10.3 | 7.7 | |
Jun-1997 | 4.2 | 10.8 | 7.5 | |
Jul-1997 | 4.2 | 9.5 | 7.9 | |
Aug-1997 | 4.2 | 9.4 | 7.2 | |
Sep-1997 | 4.2 | 9.5 | 7.4 | |
Oct-1997 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 7.8 | |
Nov-1997 | 3.9 | 9.5 | 7 | |
Dec-1997 | 3.9 | 10 | 7.3 | |
Jan-1998 | 4 | 9.4 | 7.1 | |
Feb-1998 | 3.9 | 9.3 | 6.9 | |
Mar-1998 | 4 | 9.2 | 6.9 | |
Apr-1998 | 3.7 | 9.1 | 6.7 | |
May-1998 | 3.8 | 8.9 | 6.9 | |
Jun-1998 | 3.9 | 8.8 | 7.4 | |
Jul-1998 | 3.8 | 9.5 | 7.3 | |
Aug-1998 | 3.9 | 8.8 | 7.4 | |
Sep-1998 | 3.9 | 9.1 | 7.3 | |
Oct-1998 | 3.9 | 8.6 | 7.2 | |
Nov-1998 | 3.8 | 8.6 | 7.1 | |
Dec-1998 | 3.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
Jan-1999 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 6.7 | |
Feb-1999 | 3.8 | 8.2 | 6.7 | |
Mar-1999 | 3.6 | 8 | 5.8 | |
Apr-1999 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 7 | |
May-1999 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 6.7 | |
Jun-1999 | 3.8 | 7.7 | 6.6 | |
Jul-1999 | 3.7 | 8.7 | 6.5 | |
Aug-1999 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 6.5 | |
Sep-1999 | 3.6 | 8.5 | 6.7 | |
Oct-1999 | 3.5 | 8.4 | 6.4 | |
Nov-1999 | 3.5 | 8 | 6 | |
Dec-1999 | 3.5 | 7.8 | 5.8 | |
Jan-2000 | 3.4 | 8.2 | 5.6 | |
Feb-2000 | 3.6 | 8.1 | 5.7 | |
Mar-2000 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 6.1 | |
Apr-2000 | 3.4 | 7% | 5.5 | |
May-2000 | 3.5 | 7.7 | 5.8 | |
Jun-2000 | 3.4 | 7.8 | 5.6 | |
Jul-2000 | 3.5 | 7.7 | 5.8 | |
Aug-2000 | 3.6 | 7.9 | 5.9 | |
Sep-2000 | 3.5 | 7.3 | 5.8 | |
Oct-2000 | 3.4% | 7.3 | 5.1 | |
Nov-2000 | 3.5 | 7.3 | 6 | |
Dec-2000 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 5.7 | |
Jan-2001 | 3.6 | 8.2 | 5.8 | |
Feb-2001 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 6.1 | |
Mar-2001 | 3.7 | 8.3 | 6.2 | |
Apr-2001 | 3.9 | 8 | 6.4 | |
May-2001 | 3.8 | 7.9 | 6.3 | |
Jun-2001 | 4 | 8.3 | 6.6 | |
Jul-2001 | 4 | 8 | 6.2 | |
Aug-2001 | 4.3 | 9.1 | 6.5 | |
Sep-2001 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 6.7 | |
Oct-2001 | 4.7 | 9.5 | 7.1 | |
Nov-2001 | 4.9 | 9.8 | 7.3 | |
Dec-2001 | 5.1 | 10.1 | 7.7 | |
Jan-2002 | 5.1 | 10 | 7.8 | |
Feb-2002 | 5 | 9.9 | 7 | |
Mar-2002 | 5 | 10.5 | 7.5 | |
Apr-2002 | 5.2 | 10.7 | 8 | |
May-2002 | 5.1 | 10.2 | 7.1 | |
Jun-2002 | 5.1 | 10.5 | 7.4 | |
Jul-2002 | 5.2 | 9.8 | 7.4 | |
Aug-2002 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 7.5 | |
Sep-2002 | 5.1 | 9.7 | 7.4 | |
Oct-2002 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 7.9 | |
Nov-2002 | 5.1 | 10.7 | 7.8 | |
Dec-2002 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 7.9 | |
Jan-2003 | 5.2 | 10.5 | 7.9 | 5.5 |
Feb-2003 | 5.1 | 10.7 | 7.7 | 5.8 |
Mar-2003 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.8 | 6.5 |
Apr-2003 | 5.3 | 10.9 | 7.6 | 6 |
May-2003 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 8 | 5.5 |
Jun-2003 | 5.5 | 11.5 | 8.3 | 7.4 |
Jul-2003 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 8 | 5.9 |
Aug-2003 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 6 |
Sep-2003 | 5.3 | 11.1 | 7.3 | 6.4 |
Oct-2003 | 5.1 | 11.4 | 7.5 | 6.2 |
Nov-2003 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 7.4 | 5.2 |
Dec-2003 | 5 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 5.4 |
Jan-2004 | 5 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 5 |
Feb-2004 | 4.9 | 9.7 | 7.4 | 4.5 |
Mar-2004 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.6 | 4.3 |
Apr-2004 | 5 | 9.8 | 7.1 | 4.7 |
May-2004 | 4.9 | 10.1 | 6.9 | 4.6 |
Jun-2004 | 5 | 10.2 | 6.6 | 4.6 |
Jul-2004 | 4.7 | 11 | 6.8 | 3.9 |
Aug-2004 | 4.7 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 3.7 |
Sep-2004 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 6.8 | 4.5 |
Oct-2004 | 4.6 | 10.8 | 6.8 | 4.9 |
Nov-2004 | 4.6 | 10.7 | 6.7 | 4.1 |
Dec-2004 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 6.6 | 4.2 |
Jan-2005 | 4.5 | 10.6 | 6 | 4.1 |
Feb-2005 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 6.3 | 4.3 |
Mar-2005 | 4.5 | 10.5 | 5.8 | 3.9 |
Apr-2005 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 6.4 | 4.2 |
May-2005 | 4.4 | 10.1 | 6 | 4.2 |
Jun-2005 | 4.3 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 3.6 |
Jul-2005 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 4.8 |
Aug-2005 | 4.2 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 3.7 |
Sep-2005 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 4.3 |
Oct-2005 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 6 | 3.2 |
Nov-2005 | 4.3 | 10.6 | 6.1 | 3.6 |
Dec-2005 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 6.1 | 3.8 |
Jan-2006 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 5.5 | 3 |
Feb-2006 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 5.4 | 3 |
Mar-2006 | 4 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 3.5 |
Apr-2006 | 4.1 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 3.9 |
May-2006 | 4.1 | 8.7 | 5 | 3.3 |
Jun-2006 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 5.2 | 3.1 |
Jul-2006 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 2.4 |
Aug-2006 | 4.1 | 8.8 | 5.3 | 3 |
Sep-2006 | 3.9 | 9 | 5.5 | 3 |
Oct-2006 | 3.9 | 8.4 | 4.8% | 2.8 |
Nov-2006 | 4 | 8.5 | 5.1 | 3.1 |
Dec-2006 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 5 | 2.5 |
Jan-2007 | 4.2 | 7.9 | 5.5 | 3.1 |
Feb-2007 | 4.1 | 8 | 5.1 | 2.6 |
Mar-2007 | 3.8 | 8.4 | 5 | 3 |
Apr-2007 | 4 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 3.5 |
May-2007 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 3.2 |
Jun-2007 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 5.5 | 2.7 |
Jul-2007 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 5.9 | 2.7 |
Aug-2007 | 4.2 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 3.5 |
Sep-2007 | 4.2 | 8 | 5.9 | 3.4 |
Oct-2007 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 3.8 |
Nov-2007 | 4.2 | 8.5 | 5.9 | 3.6 |
Dec-2007 | 4.4 | 9 | 6.3 | 3.7 |
Jan-2008 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 3.1 |
Feb-2008 | 4.4 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 2.9 |
Mar-2008 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 3.6 |
Apr-2008 | 4.4 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 |
May-2008 | 4.8 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 4.1 |
Jun-2008 | 5 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 4.2 |
Jul-2008 | 5.2 | 10 | 7.5 | 3.7 |
Aug-2008 | 5.4 | 10.6 | 8 | 4.5 |
Sep-2008 | 5.4 | 11.3 | 8 | 4 |
Oct-2008 | 5.9 | 11.4 | 8.8 | 3.9 |
Nov-2008 | 6.2 | 11.5 | 8.7 | 4.8 |
Dec-2008 | 6.7 | 12.1 | 9.4 | 5.1 |
Jan-2009 | 7.1 | 12.7 | 10.1 | 6.1 |
Feb-2009 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 11.3 | 6.7 |
Mar-2009 | 8 | 13.7 | 11.7 | 6.5 |
Apr-2009 | 8.1 | 15 | 11.4 | 6.8 |
May-2009 | 8.5 | 15 | 12.3 | 7 |
Jun-2009 | 8.7 | 14.8 | 12.1 | 7.9 |
Jul-2009 | 8.7 | 14.8 | 12.5 | 8.1 |
Aug-2009 | 8.9 | 16.8% | 13 | 7.6 |
Sep-2009 | 8.9 | 15.3 | 12.6 | 7.6 |
Oct-2009 | 9.2 | 15.8 | 12.8 | 7.6 |
Nov-2009 | 9.2% | 15.7 | 12.4 | 7.2 |
Dec-2009 | 9 | 16.1 | 12.8 | 8.4 |
Jan-2010 | 8.8 | 16.5 | 12.9 | 8.3 |
Feb-2010 | 8.9 | 16.1 | 12.7 | 8.2 |
Mar-2010 | 8.9 | 16.8 | 13% | 7.6 |
Apr-2010 | 9 | 16.6 | 12.5 | 7 |
May-2010 | 8.7 | 15.5 | 12 | 7.8 |
Jun-2010 | 8.6 | 15.2 | 12.3 | 7.4 |
Jul-2010 | 8.5 | 15.6 | 12.2 | 7.9 |
Aug-2010 | 8.6 | 15.9 | 12 | 7.3 |
Sep-2010 | 8.6 | 16 | 12.3 | 6.6 |
Oct-2010 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
Nov-2010 | 8.9 | 16.2 | 12.9 | 7.5 |
Dec-2010 | 8.5 | 15.5 | 12.9 | 7.2 |
Jan-2011 | 8.1 | 15.8 | 12.3 | 6.8 |
Feb-2011 | 8.1 | 15.5 | 11.8 | 6.7 |
Mar-2011 | 8 | 15.8 | 11.6 | 7.3 |
Apr-2011 | 8.1 | 16.5 | 11.9 | 6.5 |
May-2011 | 7.9 | 16.3 | 11.6 | 7.2 |
Jun-2011 | 8.1 | 16.2 | 11.5 | 6.5 |
Jul-2011 | 8 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 7.4 |
Aug-2011 | 7.9 | 16.4 | 11.2 | 7.2 |
Sep-2011 | 7.9 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 8 |
Oct-2011 | 7.9 | 14.6 | 11.3 | 7.4 |
Nov-2011 | 7.7 | 15.6 | 11.2 | 6.4 |
Dec-2011 | 7.5 | 15.4 | 11.1 | 6.8 |
Jan-2012 | 7.4 | 13.6 | 10.7 | 6.7 |
Feb-2012 | 7.4 | 14 | 10.9 | 6.2 |
Mar-2012 | 7.3 | 14 | 10.6 | 6.4 |
Apr-2012 | 7.4 | 13.3 | 10.3 | 5.4 |
May-2012 | 7.4 | 13.5 | 10.9 | 5.5 |
Jun-2012 | 7.3 | 14.5 | 10.9 | 6.1 |
Jul-2012 | 7.3 | 14.2 | 10.2 | 5.9 |
Aug-2012 | 7.2 | 13.8 | 10.1 | 5.9 |
Sep-2012 | 7 | 13.6 | 9.7 | 4.9 |
Oct-2012 | 6.9 | 14.1 | 10 | 4.9 |
Nov-2012 | 6.8 | 13.3 | 9.9 | 6.3 |
Dec-2012 | 6.9 | 14 | 9.6 | 6.6 |
Jan-2013 | 7.1 | 13.7 | 9.7 | 6.4 |
Feb-2013 | 6.8 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 6 |
Mar-2013 | 6.7 | 13 | 9.3 | 5.1 |
Apr-2013 | 6.7 | 13.3 | 9 | 5.3 |
May-2013 | 6.7 | 13.4 | 9 | 4.5 |
Jun-2013 | 6.6 | 14.2 | 9.1 | 4.7 |
Jul-2013 | 6.5 | 12.6 | 9.4 | 5.3 |
Aug-2013 | 6.4 | 12.8 | 9.2 | 5.1 |
Sep-2013 | 6.3 | 13 | 8.8 | 5.4 |
Oct-2013 | 6.3 | 12.8 | 9.1 | 5.4 |
Nov-2013 | 6.1 | 12.3 | 8.7 | 5.2 |
Dec-2013 | 5.9 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 4.3 |
Jan-2014 | 5.7 | 12.1 | 8.3 | 4.7 |
Feb-2014 | 5.8 | 11.8 | 8.2 | 5.9 |
Mar-2014 | 5.8 | 12.1 | 7.9 | 5.5 |
Apr-2014 | 5.3 | 11.6 | 7.2 | 5.9 |
May-2014 | 5.4 | 11.4 | 7.7 | 5.7 |
Jun-2014 | 5.3 | 11 | 7.8 | 4.7 |
Jul-2014 | 5.3 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 4.2 |
Aug-2014 | 5.3 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 4.5 |
Sep-2014 | 5.1 | 11 | 6.8 | 4.4 |
Oct-2014 | 4.9 | 10.6 | 6.8 | 5.1 |
Nov-2014 | 5 | 10.9 | 6.6 | 4.8 |
Dec-2014 | 4.7 | 10.6 | 6.4 | 4.4 |
Jan-2015 | 4.9 | 10.3 | 6.7 | 4 |
Feb-2015 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 6.8 | 4 |
Mar-2015 | 4.8 | 9.9 | 6.8 | 3.2 |
Apr-2015 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 6.8 | 4.4 |
May-2015 | 4.8 | 10.3 | 6.8 | 4.1 |
Jun-2015 | 4.6 | 9.7 | 6.7 | 3.9 |
Jul-2015 | 4.5 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.9 |
Aug-2015 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 3.4 |
Sep-2015 | 4.4 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 3.5 |
Oct-2015 | 4.4 | 9 | 6.3 | 3.5 |
Nov-2015 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 3.9 |
Dec-2015 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 4.1 |
Jan-2016 | 4.2 | 8.5 | 5.9 | 3.6 |
Feb-2016 | 4.2 | 8.6 | 5.5 | 3.8 |
Mar-2016 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 3.9 |
Apr-2016 | 4.4 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 3.8 |
May-2016 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.7 | 4.1 |
Jun-2016 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 6 | 3.6 |
Jul-2016 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 3.8 |
Aug-2016 | 4.4 | 8 | 5.6 | 4.1 |
Sep-2016 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 3.8 |
Oct-2016 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 3.4 |
Nov-2016 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 3.1 |
Dec-2016 | 4.2 | 8 | 5.8 | 2.7 |
Jan-2017 | 4.2 | 7.4 | 5.8 | 3.7 |
Feb-2017 | 4 | 8 | 5.6 | 3.4 |
Mar-2017 | 3.9 | 7.9 | 5 | 3.3 |
Apr-2017 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 3.3 |
May-2017 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 3.6 |
Jun-2017 | 3.8 | 7.1 | 5 | 3.7 |
Jul-2017 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.8 |
Aug-2017 | 3.9 | 7.5 | 5.1 | 3.9 |
Sep-2017 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.6 |
Oct-2017 | 3.6 | 7.6 | 5 | 3 |
Nov-2017 | 3.7 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 3 |
Dec-2017 | 3.7 | 6.9 | 5 | 2.5 |
Jan-2018 | 3.5 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 3 |
Feb-2018 | 3.6 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 2.9 |
Mar-2018 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 3.1 |
Apr-2018 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 2.9 |
May-2018 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 2.2 |
Jun-2018 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 3.3 |
Jul-2018 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.1 |
Aug-2018 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 2.9 |
Sep-2018 | 3.3 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 3.5 |
Oct-2018 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 4.4 | 3.1 |
Nov-2018 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 2.8 |
Dec-2018 | 3.4 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 3.3 |
Jan-2019 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 4.8 | 3 |
Feb-2019 | 3.2 | 7 | 4.3 | 3.1 |
Mar-2019 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 3.1 |
Apr-2019 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
May-2019 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 2.5 |
Jun-2019 | 3.3 | 6 | 4.3 | 2.2 |
Jul-2019 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 2.8 |
Aug-2019 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 2.8 |
Sep-2019 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 4 | 2.5 |
Oct-2019 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 2.9 |
Nov-2019 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 4.3 | 2.6 |
Dec-2019 | 3.1 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 2.6 |
Jan-2020 | 3 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 3.1 |
Feb-2020 | 3 | 6 | 4.4 | 2.4 |
Mar-2020 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 6 | 4.1 |
Apr-2020 | 14.1 | 16.7 | 18.9 | 14.5 |
May-2020 | 12.3 | 16.7 | 17.6 | 14.9 |
Jun-2020 | 10.1 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 13.9 |
Jul-2020 | 9.2 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 11.9 |
Aug-2020 | 7.4 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 10.6 |
Sep-2020 | 7 | 12 | 10.3 | 8.8 |
Oct-2020 | 6 | 10.8 | 8.8 | 7.6 |
Nov-2020 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 6.7 |
Dec-2020 | 6 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 5.9 |
Jan-2021 | 5.7 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 6.6 |
Feb-2021 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 5.1 |
Mar-2021 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 7.9 | 6 |
Apr-2021 | 5.3 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 |
May-2021 | 5.1 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 5.5 |
Jun-2021 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 5.8 |
Jul-2021 | 4.8 | 8.2 | 6.6 | 5.3 |
Aug-2021 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 4.6 |
Sep-2021 | 4.2 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 4.2 |
Oct-2021 | 4 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 4.2 |
Nov-2021 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
Dec-2021 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 |
Jan-2022 | 3.4 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 3.6 |
Feb-2022 | 3.3 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 3.1 |
Mar-2022 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 2.8 |
Apr-2022 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 4.1 | 3.1 |
May-2022 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 2.4 |
Jun-2022 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 3 |
Jul-2022 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 2.6 |
Aug-2022 | 3.2% | 6.4 | 4.5 | 2.8 |
Sep-2022 | 3.1% | 5.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% |
Oct-2022 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% |
Nov-2022 | 3.3% | 5.7% | 4.0% | 2.6% |
Dec-2022 | 3.0% | 5.7% | 4.1% | 2.4% |
Jan-2023 | 3.1% | 5.4% | 4.5% | 2.8% |
Feb-2023 | 3.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.4% |
Mar-2023 | 3.2% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 2.8% |
Apr-2023 | 3.1% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 2.8% |
May-2023 | 3.3% | 5.6% | 4.0% | 2.9% |
June-2023 | 3.1% | 6.0% | 4.3% | 3.2% |
Jul-2023 | 3.1% | 5.8% | 4.4% | 2.3% |
Aug-2023 | 3.4% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 3.2% |
Sep-2023 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 2.9 |
Oct-2023 | 3.5% | 5.8% | 4.8% | 3.1% |
Nov-2023 | 3.3% | 5.8% | 4.6% | 3.5% |
Dec-2023 | 3.5% | 5.2% | 5.0% | 3.1% |
Jan-2024 | 3.4% | 5.3% | 5.0% | 2.9% |
Feb-2024 | 3.4% | 5.6% | 5.1% | 3.4% |
Mar-2024 | 3.4% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 2.6% |
Apr-2024 | 3.5% | 5.6% | 4.8% | 2.9% |
May-2024 | 3.5% | 6.1% | 5.0% | 3.1% |
Jun-2024 | 3.5% | 6.3% | 4.9% | 4.1% |
Jul-2024 | 3.8% | 6.3% | 5.3% | 3.7% |
Aug-2024 | 3.8% | 6.1% | 5.4% | 4.1% |
Sep-2024 | 3.7% | 5.7% | 5.1% | 4.1% |
Oct-2024 | 3.8% | 5.7% | 5.1% | 3.9% |
Nov-2024 | 3.8% | 6.4% | 5.3% | 3.8% |
Dec-2024 | 3.6% | 6.1% | 5.1% | 3.5% |
Jan-2025 | 3.5% | 6.2% | 4.8% | 3.7% |
Feb-2025 | 3.8% | 6.0% | 5.2% | 3.2% |
Mar-2025 | 3.7% | 6.2% | 5.1% | 3.5% |

Notes: AAPI refers to Asian American and Pacific Islander. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Low-point and high-point of each series prior to the recovery from the Great Recession marked.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey, public data series.
Employment-to-population ratio of workers ages 25–54, by gender, 1989–2025
Date | Men | Women |
---|---|---|
Jan-1989 | 89.9% | 70.5% |
Feb-1989 | 89.8% | 70.4% |
Mar-1989 | 89.9% | 70.2% |
Apr-1989 | 89.7% | 70.3% |
May-1989 | 89.8% | 70.1% |
Jun-1989 | 90.0% | 70.1% |
Jul-1989 | 89.9% | 70.0% |
Aug-1989 | 90.0% | 70.2% |
Sep-1989 | 89.7% | 70.7% |
Oct-1989 | 89.8% | 70.5% |
Nov-1989 | 89.9% | 70.8% |
Dec-1989 | 90.0% | 70.7% |
Jan-1990 | 89.9% | 70.9% |
Feb-1990 | 90.1% | 70.8% |
Mar-1990 | 89.8% | 70.8% |
Apr-1990 | 89.4% | 70.7% |
May-1990 | 89.3% | 70.8% |
Jun-1990 | 89.3% | 70.6% |
Jul-1990 | 89.0% | 70.6% |
Aug-1990 | 88.9% | 70.5% |
Sep-1990 | 88.7% | 70.5% |
Oct-1990 | 88.6% | 70.4% |
Nov-1990 | 88.5% | 70.2% |
Dec-1990 | 88.1% | 70.1% |
Jan-1991 | 88.2% | 69.9% |
Feb-1991 | 88.0% | 70.1% |
Mar-1991 | 87.7% | 70.0% |
Apr-1991 | 87.9% | 70.3% |
May-1991 | 87.4% | 70.1% |
Jun-1991 | 87.5% | 70.2% |
Jul-1991 | 87.5% | 70.1% |
Aug-1991 | 87.4% | 70.0% |
Sep-1991 | 87.5% | 70.1% |
Oct-1991 | 87.2% | 70.0% |
Nov-1991 | 87.1% | 70.0% |
Dec-1991 | 86.9% | 69.9% |
Jan-1992 | 86.9% | 70.1% |
Feb-1992 | 86.6% | 70.0% |
Mar-1992 | 86.8% | 70.0% |
Apr-1992 | 86.9% | 70.2% |
May-1992 | 86.8% | 70.3% |
Jun-1992 | 86.9% | 70.3% |
Jul-1992 | 86.9% | 70.2% |
Aug-1992 | 86.9% | 70.2% |
Sep-1992 | 86.8% | 70.1% |
Oct-1992 | 86.7% | 70.0% |
Nov-1992 | 86.6% | 70.1% |
Dec-1992 | 86.7% | 69.9% |
Jan-1993 | 86.8% | 69.9% |
Feb-1993 | 86.7% | 69.9% |
Mar-1993 | 86.5% | 70.3% |
Apr-1993 | 86.8% | 69.9% |
May-1993 | 87.0% | 70.2% |
Jun-1993 | 87.1% | 70.4% |
Jul-1993 | 87.1% | 70.4% |
Aug-1993 | 87.2% | 70.6% |
Sep-1993 | 87.1% | 70.5% |
Oct-1993 | 87.1% | 70.5% |
Nov-1993 | 87.5% | 70.7% |
Dec-1993 | 87.4% | 71.0% |
Jan-1994 | 87.1% | 71.0% |
Feb-1994 | 86.8% | 71.3% |
Mar-1994 | 87.0% | 71.1% |
Apr-1994 | 87.1% | 71.2% |
May-1994 | 87.3% | 71.3% |
Jun-1994 | 87.0% | 70.9% |
Jul-1994 | 87.0% | 71.4% |
Aug-1994 | 87.0% | 71.7% |
Sep-1994 | 87.4% | 72.1% |
Oct-1994 | 87.5% | 71.9% |
Nov-1994 | 87.9% | 72.0% |
Dec-1994 | 88.0% | 71.8% |
Jan-1995 | 87.9% | 71.8% |
Feb-1995 | 88.1% | 72.2% |
Mar-1995 | 87.9% | 72.1% |
Apr-1995 | 87.7% | 72.2% |
May-1995 | 87.6% | 72.1% |
Jun-1995 | 87.6% | 71.7% |
Jul-1995 | 87.5% | 72.2% |
Aug-1995 | 87.4% | 72.1% |
Sep-1995 | 87.6% | 72.3% |
Oct-1995 | 87.6% | 72.3% |
Nov-1995 | 87.2% | 72.6% |
Dec-1995 | 87.2% | 72.4% |
Jan-1996 | 87.5% | 72.4% |
Feb-1996 | 87.7% | 72.4% |
Mar-1996 | 87.5% | 72.6% |
Apr-1996 | 87.5% | 72.6% |
May-1996 | 87.6% | 72.5% |
Jun-1996 | 87.8% | 72.7% |
Jul-1996 | 88.1% | 72.9% |
Aug-1996 | 88.4% | 73.0% |
Sep-1996 | 88.1% | 73.0% |
Oct-1996 | 88.3% | 73.1% |
Nov-1996 | 88.2% | 73.0% |
Dec-1996 | 88.3% | 73.0% |
Jan-1997 | 88.2% | 73.2% |
Feb-1997 | 88.2% | 72.9% |
Mar-1997 | 88.2% | 73.3% |
Apr-1997 | 88.1% | 73.5% |
May-1997 | 88.1% | 73.3% |
Jun-1997 | 88.4% | 73.6% |
Jul-1997 | 88.6% | 73.9% |
Aug-1997 | 88.7% | 74.1% |
Sep-1997 | 88.6% | 73.9% |
Oct-1997 | 88.6% | 73.8% |
Nov-1997 | 88.7% | 73.6% |
Dec-1997 | 88.6% | 73.6% |
Jan-1998 | 88.8% | 73.4% |
Feb-1998 | 88.9% | 73.4% |
Mar-1998 | 88.8% | 73.5% |
Apr-1998 | 88.9% | 73.5% |
May-1998 | 88.8% | 73.4% |
Jun-1998 | 88.7% | 73.6% |
Jul-1998 | 88.7% | 73.8% |
Aug-1998 | 88.8% | 73.9% |
Sep-1998 | 88.8% | 74.0% |
Oct-1998 | 88.8% | 73.7% |
Nov-1998 | 89.1% | 73.7% |
Dec-1998 | 88.9% | 74.0% |
Jan-1999 | 89.7% | 74.3% |
Feb-1999 | 89.2% | 74.1% |
Mar-1999 | 89.2% | 73.8% |
Apr-1999 | 89.1% | 73.8% |
May-1999 | 88.9% | 74.1% |
Jun-1999 | 88.8% | 74.2% |
Jul-1999 | 88.8% | 73.8% |
Aug-1999 | 88.7% | 74.1% |
Sep-1999 | 88.6% | 74.3% |
Oct-1999 | 88.7% | 74.5% |
Nov-1999 | 89.0% | 74.5% |
Dec-1999 | 89.0% | 74.3% |
Jan-2000 | 89.5% | 74.4% |
Feb-2000 | 89.4% | 74.5% |
Mar-2000 | 89.3% | 74.5% |
Apr-2000 | 89.2% | 74.9% |
May-2000 | 89.0% | 74.4% |
Jun-2000 | 89.1% | 74.2% |
Jul-2000 | 88.9% | 73.9% |
Aug-2000 | 88.9% | 73.6% |
Sep-2000 | 88.6% | 73.9% |
Oct-2000 | 88.6% | 73.9% |
Nov-2000 | 88.8% | 74.1% |
Dec-2000 | 88.9% | 74.1% |
Jan-2001 | 88.9% | 74.2% |
Feb-2001 | 88.8% | 74.2% |
Mar-2001 | 88.5% | 74.3% |
Apr-2001 | 88.3% | 73.7% |
May-2001 | 88.3% | 73.7% |
Jun-2001 | 88.1% | 73.4% |
Jul-2001 | 87.9% | 73.4% |
Aug-2001 | 87.6% | 73.2% |
Sep-2001 | 87.6% | 73.1% |
Oct-2001 | 87.4% | 72.7% |
Nov-2001 | 87.0% | 72.6% |
Dec-2001 | 87.1% | 72.6% |
Jan-2002 | 86.8% | 72.5% |
Feb-2002 | 87.1% | 72.7% |
Mar-2002 | 87.0% | 72.5% |
Apr-2002 | 86.8% | 72.5% |
May-2002 | 86.9% | 72.2% |
Jun-2002 | 86.5% | 72.1% |
Jul-2002 | 86.5% | 71.9% |
Aug-2002 | 86.8% | 72.1% |
Sep-2002 | 86.8% | 72.2% |
Oct-2002 | 86.6% | 72.1% |
Nov-2002 | 85.9% | 71.9% |
Dec-2002 | 86.0% | 72.2% |
Jan-2003 | 85.6% | 72.4% |
Feb-2003 | 85.9% | 72.1% |
Mar-2003 | 85.8% | 72.4% |
Apr-2003 | 85.9% | 72.4% |
May-2003 | 85.7% | 72.2% |
Jun-2003 | 85.8% | 72.3% |
Jul-2003 | 85.8% | 71.9% |
Aug-2003 | 85.7% | 72.0% |
Sep-2003 | 85.9% | 71.6% |
Oct-2003 | 85.9% | 71.6% |
Nov-2003 | 86.0% | 71.7% |
Dec-2003 | 86.4% | 71.4% |
Jan-2004 | 86.4% | 71.6% |
Feb-2004 | 86.2% | 71.7% |
Mar-2004 | 86.0% | 71.8% |
Apr-2004 | 86.2% | 71.8% |
May-2004 | 86.3% | 71.9% |
Jun-2004 | 86.5% | 71.9% |
Jul-2004 | 86.7% | 71.9% |
Aug-2004 | 86.5% | 71.8% |
Sep-2004 | 86.4% | 71.9% |
Oct-2004 | 86.3% | 71.9% |
Nov-2004 | 86.5% | 72.0% |
Dec-2004 | 86.2% | 71.8% |
Jan-2005 | 86.5% | 72.0% |
Feb-2005 | 86.7% | 71.9% |
Mar-2005 | 86.8% | 71.8% |
Apr-2005 | 87.0% | 72.0% |
May-2005 | 87.1% | 72.1% |
Jun-2005 | 87.0% | 71.7% |
Jul-2005 | 87.0% | 71.9% |
Aug-2005 | 87.4% | 72.1% |
Sep-2005 | 87.0% | 72.1% |
Oct-2005 | 87.0% | 71.9% |
Nov-2005 | 86.8% | 71.9% |
Dec-2005 | 86.7% | 72.1% |
Jan-2006 | 87.2% | 72.2% |
Feb-2006 | 87.1% | 72.4% |
Mar-2006 | 87.4% | 72.3% |
Apr-2006 | 87.2% | 72.1% |
May-2006 | 87.2% | 72.3% |
Jun-2006 | 87.2% | 72.5% |
Jul-2006 | 87.1% | 72.7% |
Aug-2006 | 87.1% | 72.6% |
Sep-2006 | 87.4% | 72.5% |
Oct-2006 | 87.4% | 72.9% |
Nov-2006 | 87.5% | 72.7% |
Dec-2006 | 87.7% | 72.7% |
Jan-2007 | 88.0% | 72.8% |
Feb-2007 | 87.9% | 72.6% |
Mar-2007 | 88% | 72.7% |
Apr-2007 | 87.9% | 72.2% |
May-2007 | 87.7% | 72.5% |
Jun-2007 | 87.5% | 72.5% |
Jul-2007 | 87.3% | 72.4% |
Aug-2007 | 87.2% | 72.6% |
Sep-2007 | 87.1% | 72.5% |
Oct-2007 | 86.9% | 72.4% |
Nov-2007 | 87.2% | 72.5% |
Dec-2007 | 87.2% | 72.4% |
Jan-2008 | 87.4% | 72.7% |
Feb-2008 | 87.4% | 72.6% |
Mar-2008 | 87.1% | 72.6% |
Apr-2008 | 86.7% | 72.7% |
May-2008 | 86.5% | 72.6% |
Jun-2008 | 86.3% | 72.6% |
Jul-2008 | 86.2% | 72.4% |
Aug-2008 | 85.8% | 72.1% |
Sep-2008 | 85.4% | 72.3% |
Oct-2008 | 85.2% | 71.9% |
Nov-2008 | 84.7% | 71.7% |
Dec-2008 | 83.7% | 71.6% |
Jan-2009 | 83.1% | 71.1% |
Feb-2009 | 82.5% | 71.0% |
Mar-2009 | 82.0% | 70.6% |
Apr-2009 | 81.8% | 70.7% |
May-2009 | 81.5% | 70.4% |
Jun-2009 | 81.5% | 70.4% |
Jul-2009 | 81.3% | 70.4% |
Aug-2009 | 81.2% | 70.0% |
Sep-2009 | 80.8% | 69.5% |
Oct-2009 | 80.8% | 69.4% |
Nov-2009 | 80.7% | 69.8% |
Dec-2009 | 80.4% | 69.2% |
Jan-2010 | 80.7% | 69.8% |
Feb-2010 | 80.6% | 69.7% |
Mar-2010 | 80.8% | 69.5% |
Apr-2010 | 81.3% | 69.6% |
May-2010 | 81.1% | 69.3% |
Jun-2010 | 81.1% | 69.5% |
Jul-2010 | 81.1% | 69.1% |
Aug-2010 | 81.2% | 69.0% |
Sep-2010 | 81.2% | 69.1% |
Oct-2010 | 81.1% | 69.0% |
Nov-2010 | 80.7% | 69.1% |
Dec-2010 | 80.8% | 69.4% |
Jan-2011 | 81.2% | 69.3% |
Feb-2011 | 81.4% | 69.0% |
Mar-2011 | 81.4% | 69.3% |
Apr-2011 | 81.2% | 69.1% |
May-2011 | 81.6% | 68.9% |
Jun-2011 | 81.3% | 68.8% |
Jul-2011 | 81.1% | 69.0% |
Aug-2011 | 81.4% | 68.9% |
Sep-2011 | 81.3% | 68.7% |
Oct-2011 | 81.1% | 68.9% |
Nov-2011 | 81.9% | 68.8% |
Dec-2011 | 82.1% | 68.9% |
Jan-2012 | 82.5% | 68.9% |
Feb-2012 | 82.4% | 68.9% |
Mar-2012 | 82.5% | 69.2% |
Apr-2012 | 82.5% | 69.1% |
May-2012 | 82.5% | 69.2% |
Jun-2012 | 82.6% | 69.0% |
Jul-2012 | 82.4% | 69.1% |
Aug-2012 | 82.4% | 69.2% |
Sep-2012 | 82.7% | 69.5% |
Oct-2012 | 82.9% | 69.6% |
Nov-2012 | 82.5% | 69.4% |
Dec-2012 | 82.8% | 69.4% |
Jan-2013 | 82.6% | 68.9% |
Feb-2013 | 82.8% | 69.0% |
Mar-2013 | 82.8% | 69.0% |
Apr-2013 | 82.8% | 69.1% |
May-2013 | 83.0% | 69.3% |
Jun-2013 | 82.9% | 69.2% |
Jul-2013 | 82.9% | 69.4% |
Aug-2013 | 82.6% | 69.6% |
Sep-2013 | 82.6% | 69.6% |
Oct-2013 | 82.4% | 69.0% |
Nov-2013 | 83.0% | 69.3% |
Dec-2013 | 83.0% | 69.5% |
Jan-2014 | 83.2% | 69.8% |
Feb-2014 | 83.0% | 70.1% |
Mar-2014 | 83.5% | 69.8% |
Apr-2014 | 83.2% | 69.9% |
May-2014 | 83.3% | 69.8% |
Jun-2014 | 83.8% | 70.2% |
Jul-2014 | 83.8% | 69.8% |
Aug-2014 | 83.9% | 70.1% |
Sep-2014 | 84.1% | 69.8% |
Oct-2014 | 84.0% | 70.1% |
Nov-2014 | 83.9% | 70.3% |
Dec-2014 | 84.2% | 70.3% |
Jan-2015 | 84.3% | 70.2% |
Feb-2015 | 84.3% | 70.3% |
Mar-2015 | 84.5% | 70.0% |
Apr-2015 | 84.4% | 70.2% |
May-2015 | 84.3% | 70.4% |
Jun-2015 | 84.5% | 70.5% |
Jul-2015 | 84.4% | 70.1% |
Aug-2015 | 84.6% | 70.2% |
Sep-2015 | 84.6% | 70.2% |
Oct-2015 | 84.4% | 70.3% |
Nov-2015 | 84.4% | 70.7% |
Dec-2015 | 84.5% | 70.6% |
Jan-2016 | 84.9% | 70.7% |
Feb-2016 | 84.9% | 70.8% |
Mar-2016 | 85.2% | 70.9% |
Apr-2016 | 84.8% | 70.9% |
May-2016 | 84.9% | 71.0% |
Jun-2016 | 85.1% | 71.0% |
Jul-2016 | 84.9% | 71.4% |
Aug-2016 | 84.9% | 71.1% |
Sep-2016 | 84.9% | 71.4% |
Oct-2016 | 85.0% | 71.5% |
Nov-2016 | 85.0% | 71.4% |
Dec-2016 | 85.0% | 71.4% |
Jan-2017 | 85.3% | 71.3% |
Feb-2017 | 85.2% | 71.7% |
Mar-2017 | 85.2% | 72.0% |
Apr-2017 | 85.5% | 72.0% |
May-2017 | 85.3% | 72.0% |
Jun-2017 | 85.4% | 72.1% |
Jul-2017 | 85.3% | 72.4% |
Aug-2017 | 85.0% | 72.1% |
Sep-2017 | 85.6% | 72.5% |
Oct-2017 | 85.6% | 72.1% |
Nov-2017 | 85.5% | 72.5% |
Dec-2017 | 86.0% | 72.2% |
Jan-2018 | 86.0% | 72.1% |
Feb-2018 | 86.4% | 72.4% |
Mar-2018 | 86.2% | 72.4% |
Apr-2018 | 86.3% | 72.3% |
May-2018 | 86.4% | 72.5% |
Jun-2018 | 86.1% | 72.8% |
Jul-2018 | 86.2% | 73.1% |
Aug-2018 | 86.0% | 72.8% |
Sep-2018 | 85.9% | 73.0% |
Oct-2018 | 86.1% | 73.4% |
Nov-2018 | 86.2% | 73.1% |
Dec-2018 | 86.0% | 73.3% |
Jan-2019 | 86.5% | 73.3% |
Feb-2019 | 86.5% | 73.4% |
Mar-2019 | 86.7% | 73.1% |
Apr-2019 | 86.4% | 73.2% |
May-2019 | 86.3% | 73.3% |
Jun-2019 | 86.2% | 73.5% |
Jul-2019 | 86.2% | 73.1% |
Aug-2019 | 86.2% | 73.9% |
Sep-2019 | 86.4% | 74.2% |
Oct-2019 | 86.5% | 74.3% |
Nov-2019 | 86.7% | 74.2% |
Dec-2019 | 86.5% | 74.5% |
Jan-2020 | 86.7% | 74.6% |
Feb-2020 | 86.4% | 74.6% |
Mar-2020 | 85.7% | 73.4% |
Apr-2020 | 75.9% | 63.4% |
May-2020 | 78.0% | 64.9% |
Jun-2020 | 79.5% | 67.6% |
Jul-2020 | 79.8% | 68.0% |
Aug-2020 | 81.5% | 69.1% |
Sep-2020 | 81.5% | 68.9% |
Oct-2020 | 82.2% | 70.1% |
Nov-2020 | 82.0% | 70.3% |
Dec-2020 | 82.4% | 70.5% |
Jan-2021 | 82.6% | 70.4% |
Feb-2021 | 82.6% | 70.7% |
Mar-2021 | 82.6% | 71.1% |
Apr-2021 | 82.8% | 71.1% |
May-2021 | 83.0% | 71.3% |
Jun-2021 | 83.1% | 71.3% |
Jul-2021 | 83.8% | 71.9% |
Aug-2021 | 84.0% | 71.9% |
Sep-2021 | 84.2% | 72.0% |
Oct-2021 | 84.7% | 72.3% |
Nov-2021 | 85.0% | 73.0% |
Dec-2021 | 85.2% | 73.4% |
Jan-2022 | 85.1% | 73.4% |
Feb-2022 | 85.8% | 73.2% |
Mar-2022 | 85.8% | 74.2% |
Apr-2022 | 85.9% | 73.9% |
May-2022 | 86.0% | 74.1% |
Jun-2022 | 85.8% | 73.9% |
Jul-2022 | 85.8% | 74.1% |
Aug-2022 | 85.9% | 74.7% |
Sep-2022 | 86.1% | 74.4% |
Oct-2022 | 85.9% | 74.0% |
Nov-2022 | 85.8% | 73.9% |
Dec-2022 | 86.3% | 74.2% |
Jan-2023 | 85.9% | 74.7% |
Feb-2023 | 86.2% | 74.8% |
Mar-2023 | 86.3% | 75.0% |
Apr-2023 | 86.3% | 75.1% |
May-2023 | 86.4% | 75.1% |
Jun-2023 | 86.4% | 75.3% |
Jul-2023 | 86.5% | 75.3% |
Aug-2023 | 86.4% | 75.3% |
Sep-2023 | 86.4% | 75.3% |
Oct-2023 | 86.0% | 75.3% |
Nov-2023 | 86.3% | 75.2% |
Dec-2023 | 86.2% | 74.8% |
Jan-2024 | 86.2% | 75.0% |
Feb-2024 | 86.3% | 75.2% |
Mar-2024 | 86.3% | 75.1% |
Apr-2024 | 86.1% | 75.5% |
May-2024 | 86.0% | 75.7% |
Jun-2024 | 86.5% | 75.1% |
Jul-2024 | 86.6% | 75.3% |
Aug-2024 | 86.3% | 75.6% |
Sep-2024 | 86.4% | 75.5% |
Oct-2024 | 86.3% | 74.9% |
Nov-2024 | 86.1% | 74.8% |
Dec-2024 | 86.1% | 75.0% |
Jan-2025 | 86.4% | 75.1% |
Feb-2025 | 86.1% | 75.1% |
Mar-2025 | 86.0% | 74.9% |

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.